Epizootiological characteristics of echinococcosis in dogs, sheep and goats and measures to combat it in Caspian Sea region of Russia

The paper presents the results of the study of the epizootiological characteristics of echinococcosis in dogs, sheep and goats in the Caspian Sea region of Russia where Echinococcus occurrence varies from 30 to 80%, as well as the results of tests of the complex product Prazibars (at different doses) for its effectiveness against this parasitosis. The extensity of Echinococcus invasion in sheep and goats in the Caspian Depression is 38.6%; it is expansive and affects more and more areas. Some researchers report that Echinococcus granulosus occurrence in sheep in the Caspian Sea region of Russia increases by 0.2–0.3% annually and averages 32.8%. It is demonstrated that Echinococcus granulosus invasion intensity and extensity in sheep dogs in the natural altitudinal zones of the region average 3,136.7 ± 343.0 par­asites/animal and 30.1%, respectively. In the zones covered by the study, Echinococcus species are detected in adult pasture-raised sheep throughout the year, the invasion intensity and extensity average 22.3 ± 2.1 parasites/animal and 23.0%, respectively. It was found that echinococcosis was reported in adult sheep and goats in all the Caspian Sea region areas covered by the study. Complete helminthological necropsy revealed the presence of fertile larva cysts in 1 mL of echinococcal fluid in sheep and goats of all age groups, except for animals under 1 year of age; their number averaged 23.02 ± 1.28 larval cysts/animal. It is shown that echinococcosis is widely spread in carnivores and livestock across all altitudinal zones of the Caspian Sea region of Russia, including Dagestan, and this suggests the necessity of continuous epizootiological control and monitoring of the situation with respect to cestodes of the family Taeniidae, in particular Echinococcus granulosus. Since echinococcosis in dogs and other carnivores constitutes a large-scale social problem and is a helminthiasis that is dangerous for humans, seeking state-of-the-art ways and means to combat this parasitic disease of carnivores is an urgent challenge. Based on the results of the tests performed, the complex product Prazibars administered individually one time at a dose of 15.0 mg/kg of live weight in admixture with minced meat demonstrated high effectiveness against spontaneous echinococcosis in dogs and other carnivorous animals.

1. Baikov V. S. Epizootologicheskaya kharakteristika ekhinokokkoza dikikh psovykh v usloviyakh Krasnodarskogo kraya = Epizootological characteristics of echinococcosis of wild canines in the Krasnodar Krai. Teoriya i praktika bor’by s parazitarnymi boleznyami: materialy dokladov nauchnoi konferentsii Vsesoyuznogo obshchestva gel’mintologov = Theory and practice of combating parasitic diseases: materials of the reports of the scientific conference of the All-Union Society of Helminthologists. Moscow: VIGIS; 1999; 148–150. (in Russ.)

2. Bittirov A. M. Parasitic zoonoses as a global and local problem of sanitation and hygiene over the world and in the Russian Federation. Hygiene and Sanitation. 2018; 97 (3): 208–212. DOI: 10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-3-208-212. (in Russ.)

3. Blokhina S. V. Rasprostranenie ekhinokokkoza u sel’skokhozyaistvennykh zhivotnykh v Omskoi oblasti = The spread of echinococcosis in farm animals in the Omsk Oblast. Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Entomology and Arachnology. Tyumen; 2007; 49: 47–53. (in Russ.)

4. World Health Organization. Echinococcosis. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/echinococcosis.

5. Sorokin V. V., Kolesnikov V. I. Rasprostranenie ekhinokokkoza v Stavropol’skom krae = Spread of echinococcosis in the Stavropol Krai. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov Stavropol’skogo nauchno-issledovatel’skogo instituta zhivotnovodstva i kormoproizvodstva. 2010; 3 (1): 129–131. eLIBRARY ID: 16452642. (in Russ.)

6. Gorohov V. V., Samoylovskaya N. A., Peshkov R. A. Forecast of epizootic situation on main helmintosis in Russian Federation for the year 2014. Russian Journal of Parasitology. 2014; (2): 32–33. (in Russ.)

7. Guzeeva T. M. The incidence of parasitic diseases in the Russian Federation and tasks under service reorganization. Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. 2008; (1): 3–11. PMID: 18368712. (in Russ.)

8. Kabardiev S. Sh., Bittirov A. M., Pezheva M. Kh., Karpuschenko K. A. Helminthofauna classa Cestoda and its species combinations in korsak Caspian lowland Dagestan. Veterinaria i kormlenie. 2015; 6: 6–8. eLIBRARY ID: 25039220. (in Russ.)

9. Romanenko N. A., Podoprigora G. I., Chistyakov D. A., Akimova R. F., Novosil’tsev G. I., Darchenkova N. N., et al. Problema ekhinokokkozov v Rossiiskoi Federatsii = The problem of echinococcosis in the Russian Federation. Zhurnal mikrobiologii, èpidemiologii i immunobiologii. 1994; 6: 43–45. (in Russ.)

10. Craig P., Mastin A., van Kesteren F., Boufana B. Echinococcus granulosus: Epidemiology and state-of-the-art of diagnostics in animals. Vet. Parasitol. 2015; 213 (3–4): 132–148. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.028.

11. Shamkhalov V. M. Ekologiya vozbuditelei ekhinokokkoza, tsenuroza, tenuikol’nogo tsistitserkoza zhivotnykh, epizootologiya etikh zabolevanii i mery bor’by v yugo-vostochnoi zone Severnogo Kavkaza = Ecology of causative agents of echinococcosis, coenurosis, tenuicol cysticercosis of animals, epizootology of these diseases and control measures in the southeastern zone of the North Caucasus: author’s thesis ... Doctor of Veterinary Sciences. Moscow; 1988. 46 p. (in Russ.)

12. Tashani O. A., Zhang L. H., Boufana B., Jegi A., McManus D. P. Epidemiology and strain characteristics of Echinococcus granulosus in the Benghazi area of eastern Libya. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 2002; 96 (4): 369–381. DOI: 10.1179/000349802125000952.

13. Rosenzvit M. C., Zhang L. H., Kamenetzky L., Canova S. G., Guarnera E. A., McManus D. P. Genetic variation and epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus in Argentina. Parasitology. 1999; 118 (Pt. 5): 523–530. DOI: 10.1017/s0031182099004035.

14. Jenkins D. J. Echinococcus in Australia: The role of wildlife in transmission, with particular reference to South-Eastern Australia. In: Cestode Zoonoses: Echinococcosis and Cysticercosis – An Emergent and Global Problem. Еd. by P. Craig, Z. Pawlowski. IOS Press; 2002; 327–332.

15. Macpherson C. N. L., Wachira T. W. M. Cystic echinococcosis in Africa south of the Sahara. In: Compendium on cystic echinococcosis in Africa and Middle Eastern Countries with special reference to Morocco. Eds. F. L. Andersen, H. Ouhelli, M. Kachani. Provo: Brigham Young University Print Services; 1997; 245–277.

16. Macpherson C. N. L. Epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus in transhumant situations. In: WHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: A Public Health Problem of Global Concern. Ed. by J. Eckert, M. A. Gemmell, F.-X. Meslin, Z. S. Pawłowski. Paris: WHO/OIE; 2001; 156–163. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42427/929044522X.pdf?sequence=1.

17. Bittirov A. M., Vasilevich F. I., Kalabekov M. I., Keshokov R. Kh., Sottaev M. Kh. Public health awareness raising and hygiene measures against zoonotic invasions: a study guide. Nalchik–Moscow: Dagestan State University; 2010. 42 p. (in Russ.)

18. Sarbasheva M. M., Bittirova A. A., Atabieva Zh. A., Bittirov A. M. Model for sanitary-helminthological supervision and search for the measures for disinfestation of soil and water in the beef tapeworm infection foci in conditions of Kabardino-Balkaria. Hygiene and Sanitation. 2014; 93 (3): 31–34. eLIBRARY ID: 21830987. (in Russ.)

19. Zalikhanov M. Ch., Bittirov A. M., Begieva S. A. Contemporary biological threats and world regulations for the provision of biosafety animal products. Selektsiya na sovremennykh populyatsiyakh otechestvennogo molochnogo skota kak osnova importozameshcheniya zhivotnovodcheskoi produktsii = Selection in existing populations of domestic dairy cattle as a basis for animal product import substitution: proceedings of the All-Russia Research-to-Practice Conference with international participation (5–8 June 2018). Belgorod: KONSTANTA; 2018; 245–253. (in Russ.)

20. Shichalieva M. A., Atabieva Zh. A., Kolodiy I. V., Bittirov A. M., Sarbasheva M. M., Bichieva M. M., Bittirov А. M. Struktura parazitotsenozov ravninnogo poyasa regiona Severnogo Kavkaza = Structure of parasite cenoses of the flatland belt of the North Caucasus region. Veterinarnaya patologiya. 2012; 2 (40): 109–113. eLIBRARY ID: 17878428. (in Russ.)

21. Andreyanov O. N., Bessonov A. S. Ekhinokokkozy i gidatidozy zhivotnykh v Tsentral’nom regione Rossii = Echinococcoses and hydatidoses of animals in Central Russia. Teoriya i praktika bor’by s parazitarnymi boleznyami = Theory and practive of parasitic disease control: collection of papers adapted from the proceedings of the international scientific conference. Мoscow; 2004; 5: 25–27. eLIBRARY ID: 27392457. (in Russ.)

22. Bittirov A. M., Shipshev B. M., Kuznetsov V. M., Tokhaeva A. I., Midova L. A., Bittirova A. A., et al. Information about bioecology dangerous zoonoses parasitic etiology in south regions Russia. Veterinariya. 2014; 6: 33–35. eLIBRARY ID: 21637070. (in Russ.)

23. Bittirov A. M., Kabardiev S. Sh., Kabardiev Sh. S., Bittirov I. A. Epizootology of viral echinococcosis in a reindeer in the hunting farms of the Kabardino-Balkaria. Veterinaria i kormlenie. 2017; 5: 45–46. eLIBRARY ID: 30352862. (in Russ.)

24. Ataev A. M. Epizooticheskii protsess i aktivno funktsioniruyushchie shtammy Echinococcus granulosus u zhivotnykh Dagestana = Epizootic pro-cess and actively functioning strains of Echinococcus granulosus in animals in Dagestan. Vestnik veterinarii. 1997; 3: 32–37. (in Russ.)

25. El’darova L. Kh. Osobennosti bioekologii i epizootologii teniidozov sobak i ekhinokokkoza sel’skokhozyaistvennykh zhivotnykh v Dagestane = Characteristics of bioecology and epizootiology of Taeniidae infection in dogs and echinococcosis in livestock in Dagestan: author’s abstract of Candidate of Science (Biology) thesis. Moscow; 2017. 25 p. (in Russ.)

26. Kabardiev S. Sh., Bittirov A. M., Shipshev B. M., Kalabekov A. A. Voprosy bioekologii i patologii ekhinokokkoza ovets i sobak v regione Tsentral’nogo Kavkaza = Issues of bioecology and pathology of echinococcosis in sheep and dogs in the Central Caucasus region. Teoriya i praktika innovatsionnogo razvitiya agrarnoi nauki = Theory and practice of innovative development of agricultural science: collection of scientific papers. Makhachkala: Epokha; 2014; 402–409. eLIBRARY ID: 25544083. (in Russ.)

27. Kabardiev S. Sh., Bittirov А. М., Gazimagomedov M. G., Musayev Z. G., Korsakov N. T. Features epizootic activity echinococcosis sheep by mountain arrays North Caucasus. Advances in current natural sciences. 2015; 1-1: 24–25. Available at: https://natural-sciences.ru/ru/article/view?id=34770. (in Russ.)

28. Malyarchuk V. I., Solopov N. V. Sinteticheskie piretroidy kak akaritsidy pri psoroptoze ovets = Synthetic pyrethroids acting as acaricides in Psoroptes-infected sheep. Problemy veterinarnoi meditsiny Severnogo Kazakhstana i Sibiri. Astana; 2001; 78–81. eLIBRARY ID: 25074644. (in Russ.)