The role of purinergic signaling and cytokine network in the inflammatory process

Introduction. Inflammation is a complex biological process essential for host defense against pathogens and tissue repair. This process is regulated by a variety of signaling molecules, among which purines and cytokines play an important role. Purinergic signaling mediated by adenosine triphosphate, adenosine monophosphate, and other nucleotides plays a key role in regulating immune responses and inflammatory processes. The cytokine network, including interleukins, tumor necrosis factor α and other molecules, is also an important component of inflammation, providing communication between cells of the immune system and regulating their activity. Understanding the purinergic signaling and the cytokine network interaction mechanisms is crucial for developing innovative treatments for inflammatory diseases.

Objective. To synthesize current research findings on the role of purinergic signaling and the cytokine network in inflammatory processes within animal models.

Materials and methods. 55 scientific publications by Russian and international authors (2000–2021) investigating the effects of nucleotides, nucleosides, and purinergic receptors on immune response development, macrophage activation, and cytokine release mechanisms were analyzed. Source databases included eLIBRARY.RU, CyberLeninka, PubMed, NCBI, ResearchGate, CABI, and Google Scholar.

Results. The analysis explored mechanisms of the inflammatory response, including the role of various cells and molecules – cytokines and receptors – in the regulation of the immune response. The latter plays an important role in activating immune system cells and regulating inflammatory reactions. The process of adenosine triphosphate dephosphorylation by CD39 and CD73 enzymes, which promotes the production of adenosine and the activation of anti-inflammatory mechanisms, is discussed.The functions of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 are analyzed in the context of macrophage activation and neutrophil migration to the site of inflammation. The importance of regulating these processes is emphasized in order to prevent excessive inflammatory response and ensure homeostasis. The mechanisms of transition between the phases of inflammation are examined, including the role of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor β in controlling neutrophil activity and resolving the inflammatory process.

Conclusion. Further study of this topic can deepen the modern knowledge of scientists about the mechanisms of inflammation and create the basis for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at treating diseases caused by disorders of the immune system.

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