Влияние врожденного и приобретенного иммунитета на патогенез инфекционной бурсальной болезни

Инфекционная бурсальная болезнь вызывается небольшим безоболочечным вирусом, обладающим высокой устойчивостью во внешней среде. Вирус инфекционной бурсальной болезни воздействует на иммунную систему кур всесторонне и комплексно, разрушая В-лимфоциты, привлекая Т-клетки и активируя макрофаги. Как РНК-содержащий вирус, возбудитель характеризуется высокой частотой мутаций, что приводит к появлению штаммов с измененной антигенностью или повышенной вирулентностью. Молекулярная основа патогенности вируса и точная причина клинического заболевания и смерти до сих пор плохо изучены, так как это не имеет четкой связи с тяжестью поражений и степенью повреждения фабрициевой сумки. Однако последние исследования указали на роль усиления врожденного иммунного ответа на ранней стадии инфекции с повышенной продукцией промедиаторов, которые вызывают цитокиновый шторм. В случае инфекционной бурсальной болезни иммунодепрессия является как прямым следствием инфицирования специфических иммунных клеток-мишеней, так и косвенным следствием взаимодействий, происходящих в иммунной сети организма птицы. Инфицирование высоковирулентным штаммом и заражение цыплят в раннем возрасте после переболевания или субклинической инфекции приводит к иммуносупрессии с более серьезными последствиями. Хотя иммунодепрессия, вызванная возбудителем инфекционной бурсальной болезни, в основном направлена на B-лимфоциты, также было продемонстрировано влияние на клеточно-опосредованный иммунитет, что усиливает воздействие вируса на иммунокомпетентность цыплят. Недавний прогресс в области иммунологии птиц позволил лучше узнать иммунологические механизмы, участвующие в развитии заболевания. В данном обзоре основное внимание уделяется роли врожденного иммунитета в патогенезе инфекционной бурсальной болезни, так как он служит первой линией защиты на пути репликации вируса и может определить исход заболевания. 

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