Обнаружение антител к неструктурным белкам вируса ящура (обзор)

Ящур – высококонтагиозное вирусное заболевание парнокопытных животных, способное вызывать эпизоотии и наносить большой экономический ущерб. Болезнь остается огромной проблемой в развивающихся странах и представляет постоянную угрозу для развитых стран. Важным инструментом контроля заболевания является обнаружение антител к неструктурным белкам вируса ящура в крови восприимчивых животных. Это единственный способ, позволяющий достоверно дифференцировать вакцинированных животных от переболевших и вирусоносителей. Для выявления антител к неструктурным протеинам вируса ящура разработаны различные модификации твердофазного иммуноферментного анализа. В качестве антигена в них используются рекомбинантные неструктурные белки вируса ящура, чаще всего 3АВС или 3АВ. За короткий срок иммуноферментный анализ с использованием рекомбинантных антигенов вируса ящура прошел путь от внутрилабораторного метода до общедоступных коммерческих тест-систем, большинство из которых обладают высокой диагностической специфичностью и чувствительностью. Данный метод широко применяется в надзоре за ящуром. В странах или зонах, благополучных по ящуру без вакцинации, иммуноферментный анализ, основанный на обнаружении антител к неструктурным белкам вируса ящура, применяется как основной метод серологического мониторинга и ретроспективной диагностики заболевания. В благополучных по ящуру странах и зонах с вакцинацией этот метод используется для доказательства отсутствия вирусной инфекции в вакцинированных стадах. В Южной Америке при эрадикации заболевания иммуноферментный анализ, основанный на обнаружении антител к неструктурным белкам вируса ящура, применялся для выявления инфицированных животных, а в настоящее время этот метод используется для мониторинга циркуляции возбудителя в еще неблагополучных по заболеванию странах Азии и Африки, реализующих программу прогрессивного контроля за ящуром. В России, как стране с зонами вакцинации против ящура, данный метод является обязательным инструментом надзора за заболеванием. Обзор составлен на основе анализа 65 источников. 

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