veterinaryВетеринария сегодняVeterinary Science Today2304-196X2658-6959"Veinard"10.29326/2304-196X-2026-15-1-20-27veterinary-977Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ | ЭПИЗООТОЛОГИЯREVIEWS | EPIZOOTOLOGYКонцепция «Единое здоровье» в изучении лихорадки Западного Нила на территории Российской ФедерацииApplying One Health approach to the study of West Nile fever in the Russian Federationhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6411-6027МихалеваТ. В.MikhalevaT. V.

Михалева Татьяна Владимировна, канд. вет. наук, ученый секретарь СамНИВИ – филиала ФГБНУ ФИЦВиМ

ул. Магнитогорская, 8, г. Самара, 443013

Tatyana V. Mikhaleva, Cand. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Academic Secretary

ul. Magnitogorskaya, 8, Samara 443013

tatyanamihaleva@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0002-5654-4077ГасановР. Р.GasanovR. R.

Гасанов Руслан Рамизович, канд. вет. наук, начальник группы СамНИВИ – филиала ФГБНУ ФИЦВиМ

ул. Магнитогорская, 8, г. Самара, 443013

Ruslan R. Gasanov, Cand. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Head of the Group

ul. Magnitogorskaya, 8, Samara 443013

rus_gasanov@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1282-7980КонноваС. С.KonnovaS. S.

Коннова Светлана Сергеевна, заместитель директора СарНИВИ – филиала ФГБНУ ФИЦВиМ

ул. 53-й Стрелковой Дивизии, 6, г. Саратов, 410028

Svetlana S. Konnova, Deputy Director

ul. 53-i Strelkovoi Divizii, 6, Saratov 410028

konnovass@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0000-1132-6733ЛунинаД. А.LuninaD. A.

Лунина Дарья Александровна, заместитель руководителя группы СамНИВИ – филиала ФГБНУ ФИЦВиМ

ул. Магнитогорская, 8, г. Самара, 443013

Daria A. Lunina, Deputy Head of the Group

ul. Magnitogorskaya, 8, Samara 443013

dalunina91@gmail.comФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр вирусологии и микробиологии» (ФГБНУ ФИЦВиМ); Самарский научно-исследовательский ветеринарный институт – филиал ФГБНУ ФИЦВиМ (СамНИВИ – филиал ФГБНУ ФИЦВиМ)РоссияFederal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology; Samara Research Veterinary Institute – Branch of Federal Research Center for Virology and MicrobiologyRussian FederationФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр вирусологии и микробиологии» (ФГБНУ ФИЦВиМ); Саратовский научно-исследовательский ветеринарный институт – филиал ФГБНУ ФИЦВиМ (СарНИВИ – филиал ФГБНУ ФИЦВиМРоссияFederal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology; Saratov Research Veterinary Institute – Branch of Federal Research Center for Virology and MicrobiologyRussian Federation2026180320261512027Copyright © Михалева Т.В., Гасанов Р.Р., Коннова С.С., Лунина Д.А., 20262026Михалева Т.В., Гасанов Р.Р., Коннова С.С., Лунина Д.А.Mikhaleva T.V., Gasanov R.R., Konnova S.S., Lunina D.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/977

Введение. Лихорадка Западного Нила – зоонозное трансмиссивное заболевание, вызываемое флавивирусом, который чаще всего циркулирует в природе в энзоотическом цикле между комарами и птицами и вызывает случаи болезни у людей, лошадей и других млекопитающих. Стремительное расширение ареала возбудителя лихорадки Западного Нила, развитие вспышек с тяжелым течением болезни, отсутствие средств специфической профилактики послужили главными аргументами при отнесении его к группе потенциально опасных угроз глобальному здравоохранению. Тесная взаимосвязь между здоровьем людей, животных и экосистемой требует коммуникации и координации между соответствующими секторами. Принцип «Единое здоровье» – это интегрированный, объединяющий подход, направленный на оптимизацию здоровья людей, животных и экосистем, включающий в себя привлечение органов общественного здравоохранения, ветеринарии и охраны окружающей среды.Цель исследования. Анализ основных эпизоотологических данных о распространении лихорадки Западного Нила на территории Российской Федерации.Материалы и методы. Поиск источников литературы осуществлялся с использованием международных (PubMed, Springer, Google Scholar, CrossRef) и российских (РИНЦ, еLibrary, КиберЛенинка) баз научного цитирования. Отбор материала проводился по ключевым словам: лихорадка Западного Нила, единое здоровье, миграция птиц, беспозвоночные хозяева, меры контроля.Результаты. В России вирус Западного Нила был впервые изолирован в 1963 г. в Астраханской области. В настоящее время присутствие возбудителя доказано в южных и центральных регионах европейской части страны, на юге Западной Сибири и Дальнего Востока. Отсутствие эпизоотологического мониторинга заболевания в отдельных регионах России и низкие объемы исследуемого материала в большинстве субъектов не позволяют дать объек­ тивную оценку эпизоотической ситуации, поэтому имеется необходимость в увеличении числа проводимых исследований. Показано, что основными переносчиками возбудителя на территории нашей страны являются комары родов Culex, Anopheles и Aedes, также в поддержании циркуляции вируса принимают участие иксодовые, аргасовые и гамазовые клещи. В обзоре описана роль птиц в передаче возбудителя, приводятся сведения о восприимчивости животных к инфекции, рассмотрены современные аспекты диагностики, профилактики лихорадки Западного Нила и меры борьбы.Заключение. Надзор за лихорадкой Западного Нила является достаточно сложной задачей, поскольку циркуляция вируса происходит среди людей, членистоногих и птиц. Вакцинация является эффективным средством профилактики, однако иммунологические профилактические препараты против заболевания в России пока не разработаны. В связи с этим особое внимание должно уделяться взаимодействию между различными ведомствами, а также профилактическим мерам, направленным на снижение распространения вируса в окружающей среде.

Introduction. West Nile fever is a zoonotic transmissible disease caused by flavivirus that primarily circulates in nature within an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes and birds, and causes disease cases in humans, horses, and other mammals. The rapid expansion of the West Nile fever pathogen range, development of outbreaks with severe clinical manifestations, and the lack of specific preventive tools have been the main arguments for classifying it as a poten­tially dangerous threat to global health. The close interconnection between human health, animal health, and ecosystems necessitates communication and coordination across the relevant sectors. One Health is an integrated, unifying approach aimed at optimizing the health of humans, animals, and ecosystems involving public health, veterinary and environment protection authorities.Objective. Analysis of basic epizootological data on the spread of West Nile fever in the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. The following international and Russian databases were used for literature searching: PubMed, Springer, Google Scholar, CrossRef and Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI), еLibrary, CyberLeninka, respectively. The searching was performed based on the following key words: West Nile fever, One Health, migration of birds, invertebrate hosts, control measures.Results. In Russia, West Nile virus was first isolated in Astrakhan Oblast in 1963. Currently, presence of the pathogen has been proven in the southern and central regions of the European part of the country, in the south of Western Siberia and the Far East. The lack of disease monitoring in some Russian regions and small numbers of samples tested in most subjects of the Russian Federation hinder an objective assessment of the disease situation, so there is a need to increase the number of tests. It has been shown that the main carriers of the pathogen in our country are mosquitoes of the genera Culex, Anopheles and Aedes, ixodid, argasid and gamasid ticks are also involved in maintaining the virus circulation. The review describes the role of birds in the pathogen transmission, provides data on susceptibility of animals to the infection, discusses modern aspects of West Nile fever diagnosis, prevention and control.Conclusion. Surveillance of West Nile fever presents a considerable challenge, as the virus circulates among humans, arthropods, and birds. While vaccination is an effective preventive tool, no vaccines against the disease have yet been developed in Russia. In this context, strengthening inter-authority coordination and implementing environmental control measures to limit the virus spread are essential priorities.

обзорлихорадка Западного Нила«Единое здоровье»миграция птицбеспозвоночные хозяевамеры контроляreviewWest Nile feverOne Healthmigration of birdsinvertebrate hostscontrol measuresРабота выполнена при поддержке Минобрнауки России в рамках государственного задания ФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр вирусологии и микробиологии».The study was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation in the framework of the state assignment of the Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology.ReferencesWeissenböck H., Hubálek Z., Bakonyi T., Nowotny N. Zoonotic mosquito-­ borne flaviviruses: worldwide presence of agents with proven pathogenicity and potential candidates of future emerging diseases. Veterinary Microbiology. 2010; 140 (3–4): 271–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.025Weissenböck H., Hubálek Z., Bakonyi T., Nowotny N. Zoonotic mosquito-­ borne flaviviruses: worldwide presence of agents with proven pathogenicity and potential candidates of future emerging diseases. Veterinary Microbiology. 2010; 140 (3–4): 271–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.025Gossner C. M., Marrama L., Carson M., Allerberger F., Calistri P., Dilaveris D., et al. West Nile virus surveillance in Europe: moving towards an integrated animal-human-vector approach. Eurosurveillance. 2017; 22 (18):30526. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.18.30526Gossner C. M., Marrama L., Carson M., Allerberger F., Calistri P., Dilaveris D., et al. West Nile virus surveillance in Europe: moving towards an integrated animal-human-vector approach. Eurosurveillance. 2017; 22 (18):30526. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.18.30526Pervanidou D., Kefaloudi C. N., Vakali A., Tsakalidou O., Karatheodo­ rou M., Tsioka K., et al. The 2022 West Nile virus season in Greece; a quite intens­e season. Viruses. 2023; 15 (7):1481. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15071481Pervanidou D., Kefaloudi C. N., Vakali A., Tsakalidou O., Karatheodo­ rou M., Tsioka K., et al. The 2022 West Nile virus season in Greece; a quite intens­e season. Viruses. 2023; 15 (7):1481. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15071481De Freitas Costa E., Streng K., Avelino de Souza Santos M., Counotte M. J. The effect of temperature on the boundary conditions of West Nile virus circulation in Europe. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2024; 18 (5):e0012162. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012162De Freitas Costa E., Streng K., Avelino de Souza Santos M., Counotte M. J. The effect of temperature on the boundary conditions of West Nile virus circulation in Europe. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2024; 18 (5):e0012162. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012162Львов Д. К., Писарев В. Б., Петров В. А., Григорьева Н. В. Лихорадка Западного Нила: по материалам вспышек в Волгоградской области в 1999–2002 гг. Волгоград: Издатель; 2004. 102 c.Lvov D. K., Pisarev V. B., Petrov V. A., Grigorieva N. V. West Nile fever: data on the disease outbreaks in Volgograd Oblast in 1999–2002. Volgograd: Izdatelʼ; 2004. 102 p. (in Russ.)Топорков А. В., Путинцева Е. В., Удовиченко С. К. Лихорадка Западного Нила как актуальная угроза здоровью: история изучения и меры профилактики в России. Анализ риска здоровью. 2023; (3): 138–149. https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.13Toporkov A. V., Putintseva E. V., Udovichenko S. K. West Nile fever as a relevant health hazard: the history of studying and measures of its prevention in Russia. Health Risk Analysis. 2023; (3): 124–135. https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.13.engTucker C., Keyel J., Blue A., Chun R., Estrada A., Khalili H., et al. The intersection of interprofessional education and One Health: a qualitative study in human and veterinary medical institutions. One Health. 2024; 19:100767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100767Tucker C., Keyel J., Blue A., Chun R., Estrada A., Khalili H., et al. The intersection of interprofessional education and One Health: a qualitative study in human and veterinary medical institutions. One Health. 2024; 19:100767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100767Bansal D., Jaffrey S., Al-Emadi N. A., Hassan M., Islam M. M., A­l-Bake­r W. A. A., et al. A new One Health framework in Qatar for future emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases preparedness and response. One Health. 2023; 16:100487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100487Bansal D., Jaffrey S., Al-Emadi N. A., Hassan M., Islam M. M., A­l-Bake­r W. A. A., et al. A new One Health framework in Qatar for future emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases preparedness and response. One Health. 2023; 16:100487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100487Young J. J., Coulombier D., Domanović D., European Union West Nile fever working group, Zeller H., Gossner C. M. One Health approach for West Nile virus surveillance in the European Union: relevance of equine data for blood safety. Eurosurveillance. 2019; 24 (16):1800349. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.16.1800349Young J. J., Coulombier D., Domanović D., European Union West Nile fever working group, Zeller H., Gossner C. M. One Health approach for West Nile virus surveillance in the European Union: relevance of equine data for blood safety. Eurosurveillance. 2019; 24 (16):1800349. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.16.1800349Calistri P., Giovannini A., Hubalek Z., Ionescu A., Monaco F., S­avin­i G., Lelli R. Epidemiology of West Nile in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin. The Open Virology Journal. 2010; (4): 29–37. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901004010029Calistri P., Giovannini A., Hubalek Z., Ionescu A., Monaco F., S­avin­i G., Lelli R. Epidemiology of West Nile in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin. The Open Virology Journal. 2010; (4): 29–37. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901004010029Saiz J.-C., Martín-Acebes M. A., Blázquez A. B., Escribano-Romero E., Poderoso T., Jiménez de Oya N. Pathogenicity and virulence of West Nile virus revisited eight decades after its first isolation. Virulence. 2021; 12 (1): 1145–1173. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2021.1908740Saiz J.-C., Martín-Acebes M. A., Blázquez A. B., Escribano-Romero E., Poderoso T., Jiménez de Oya N. Pathogenicity and virulence of West Nile virus revisited eight decades after its first isolation. Virulence. 2021; 12 (1): 1145–1173. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2021.1908740Petersen L. R., Brault A. C., Nasci R. S. West Nile virus: review of the litera­ture. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2013; 310 (3): 308–315. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.8042Petersen L. R., Brault A. C., Nasci R. S. West Nile virus: review of the litera­ture. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2013; 310 (3): 308–315. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.8042Rizzoli A., Jiménez-Clavero M. A., Barzon L., Cordioli P., Figuerola J., Koraka P., et al. The challenge of West Nile virus in Europe: knowledge gaps and research priorities. Eurosurveillance. 2015; 20 (20):21135. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.20.21135Rizzoli A., Jiménez-Clavero M. A., Barzon L., Cordioli P., Figuerola J., Koraka P., et al. The challenge of West Nile virus in Europe: knowledge gaps and research priorities. Eurosurveillance. 2015; 20 (20):21135. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.20.21135Bakonyi T., Ivanics É., Erdélyi K., Ursu K., Ferenczi E., Weissenböck H., Nowotny N. Lineage 1 and 2 strains of encephalitic West Nile virus, Centra­l Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2006; 12 (4): 618–623. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1204.051379Bakonyi T., Ivanics É., Erdélyi K., Ursu K., Ferenczi E., Weissenböck H., Nowotny N. Lineage 1 and 2 strains of encephalitic West Nile virus, Centra­l Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2006; 12 (4): 618–623. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1204.051379Mann R. A., Fegan M., O’Riley K., Motha J., Warner S. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Murray valley encephalitis virus and West Nile virus (Kunjin subtype) from an arbovirus disease outbreak in horses in Victoria, Australia, in 2011. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2013; 25 (1): 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638712467985Mann R. A., Fegan M., O’Riley K., Motha J., Warner S. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Murray valley encephalitis virus and West Nile virus (Kunjin subtype) from an arbovirus disease outbreak in horses in Victoria, Australia, in 2011. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2013; 25 (1): 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638712467985Antonov A. S., Shpak I. M., Ustinov D. V., Izhberdeeva M. P., Guseva A. N., Galkina A. Y., et al. Phylogenetic analysis and molecular genetic characteristics of West Nile virus lineage 2 isolates circulating in the Russian Federation. Virus Genes. 2024; 60 (4): 370–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-024-02079-2Antonov A. S., Shpak I. M., Ustinov D. V., Izhberdeeva M. P., Guseva A. N., Galkina A. Y., et al. Phylogenetic analysis and molecular genetic characteristics of West Nile virus lineage 2 isolates circulating in the Russian Federation. Virus Genes. 2024; 60 (4): 370–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-024-02079-2Ganzenberg S., Sieg M., Ziegler U., Pfeffer M., Vahlenkamp T. W., Hörügel U., et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors for equine West Nile virus infections in Eastern Germany, 2020. Viruses. 2022; 14 (6):1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14061191Ganzenberg S., Sieg M., Ziegler U., Pfeffer M., Vahlenkamp T. W., Hörügel U., et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors for equine West Nile virus infections in Eastern Germany, 2020. Viruses. 2022; 14 (6):1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14061191Reed K. D., Meece J. K., Henkel J. S., Shukla S. K. Birds, migration and emerging zoonoses: West Nile virus, Lyme disease, influenza A and enteropathogens. Clinical Medicine & Research. 2003; 1 (1): 5–15. https://doi.org/10.3121/cmr.1.1.5Reed K. D., Meece J. K., Henkel J. S., Shukla S. K. Birds, migration and emerging zoonoses: West Nile virus, Lyme disease, influenza A and enteropathogens. Clinical Medicine & Research. 2003; 1 (1): 5–15. https://doi.org/10.3121/cmr.1.1.5Fiacre L., Pagès N., Albina E., Richardson J., Lecollinet S., Gonzalez G. Molecular determinants of West Nile virus virulence and pathogenesis in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. International Journal of Molecular S­ciences. 2020; 21 (23):9117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239117Fiacre L., Pagès N., Albina E., Richardson J., Lecollinet S., Gonzalez G. Molecular determinants of West Nile virus virulence and pathogenesis in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. International Journal of Molecular S­ciences. 2020; 21 (23):9117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239117Mencattelli G., Ndione M. H. D., Silverj A., Diagne M. M., Curini V., Teodori L., et al. Spatial and temporal dynamics of West Nile virus between Africa and Europe. Nature Communications. 2023; 14 (1):6440. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42185-7Mencattelli G., Ndione M. H. D., Silverj A., Diagne M. M., Curini V., Teodori L., et al. Spatial and temporal dynamics of West Nile virus between Africa and Europe. Nature Communications. 2023; 14 (1):6440. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42185-7Liu J.-S., Li X.-C., Zhang Q.-Y., Han L.-F., Xia S., Kassegne K., et al. China’s application of the One Health approach in addressing public health threats at the human-animal-environment interface: Advances and challenges. One Health. 2023; 17:100607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100607Liu J.-S., Li X.-C., Zhang Q.-Y., Han L.-F., Xia S., Kassegne K., et al. China’s application of the One Health approach in addressing public health threats at the human-animal-environment interface: Advances and challenges. One Health. 2023; 17:100607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100607Williams R. A. J., Sánchez-Llatas C. J., Doménech A., Madrid R., Fandiño S., Cea-Callejo P., et al. Emerging and novel viruses in passerine birds. Microorganisms. 2023; 11 (9):2355. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11092355Williams R. A. J., Sánchez-Llatas C. J., Doménech A., Madrid R., Fandiño S., Cea-Callejo P., et al. Emerging and novel viruses in passerine birds. Microorganisms. 2023; 11 (9):2355. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11092355Young J. J., Haussig J. M., Aberle S. W., Pervanidou D., Riccardo F., Sekulić N., et al. Epidemiology of human West Nile virus infections in the Euro­ pea­n Union and European Union enlargement countries, 2010 to 2018. Euro­ surveillance. 2021; 26 (19):2001095. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.19.2001095Young J. J., Haussig J. M., Aberle S. W., Pervanidou D., Riccardo F., Sekulić N., et al. Epidemiology of human West Nile virus infections in the Euro­ pea­n Union and European Union enlargement countries, 2010 to 2018. Euro­ surveillance. 2021; 26 (19):2001095. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.19.2001095Habarugira G., Suen W. W., Hobson-Peters J., Hall R. A., Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. West Nile virus: an update on pathobiology, epidemio­ logy, diagnostics, control and “One Health” implications. Pathogens. 2020; 9 (7):589. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9070589Habarugira G., Suen W. W., Hobson-Peters J., Hall R. A., Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. West Nile virus: an update on pathobiology, epidemio­ logy, diagnostics, control and “One Health” implications. Pathogens. 2020; 9 (7):589. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9070589Hamel R., Narpon Q., Serrato-Pomar I., Gauliard C., Berthomieu A., Wichit S., et al. West Nile virus can be transmitted within mosquito populations through infectious mosquito excreta. iScience. 2024; 27 (11):111099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.111099Hamel R., Narpon Q., Serrato-Pomar I., Gauliard C., Berthomieu A., Wichit S., et al. West Nile virus can be transmitted within mosquito populations through infectious mosquito excreta. iScience. 2024; 27 (11):111099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.111099Shartova N., Mironova V., Zelikhina S., Korennoy F., Grishchenko M. Spatial patterns of West Nile virus distribution in the Volgograd region of Russia, a territory with long-existing foci. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2022; 16 (1):e0010145. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010145Shartova N., Mironova V., Zelikhina S., Korennoy F., Grishchenko M. Spatial patterns of West Nile virus distribution in the Volgograd region of Russia, a territory with long-existing foci. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2022; 16 (1):e0010145. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010145Батурин А. А., Антонов В. А., Смелянский В. П., Жуков К. В., Чернобай В. Ф., Колякина Н. Н. Роль птиц как потенциальных резервуаров вирус­а Западного Нила на территории Российской Федерации. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2012; (4): 18–21. https://doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2012-4-18-21Baturin A. A., Antonov V. A., Smelyansky V. P., Zhukov K. V., Chernobay V. F., Kolyakina N. N. The role of birds as potential reservoirs of West Nile virus in the territory of the Russian Federation. Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections. 2012; (4): 18–21. https://doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2012-4-18-21 (in Russ.)Львов Д. Н., Щелканов М. Ю., Джаркенов А. Ф., Галкина И. В., Колобухин­а Л. В., Аристова В. А. и др. Популяционные взаимодействия вируса Западного Нила (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) с членистоногими перенос­чиками, позвоночными животными, людьми в среднем и нижне­м поясах дельты Волги, 2001–2006 гг. Вопросы вирусологии. 2009; 54 (2): 36–43. https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/11905L’vov D. N., Shchelkanov M. Y., Dzharkenov A. F., Galkina I. V., Kolobu­ khina L. V., Aristova V. A., et al. Population interactions of West Nile virus (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) with arthropode vectors, vertebrates, humans in the middle and low belts of Volga delta in 2001–2006. Problems of V­irolog­y. 2009; 54 (2): 36–43. https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/11905 (in Russ.)Матросов А. Н., Чекашов В. Н., Поршаков А. М., Яковлев С. А., Шилов М. М., Кузнецов А. А. и др. Условия циркуляции вируса и предпосылки формирования природных очагов лихорадки Западного Нила в Саратовской области. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2013; (3): 17–22. https://doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2013-3-17-22Matrosov A. N., Chekashov V. N., Porshakov A. M., Yakovlev S. A., Shilo­v M. M., Kuznetsov A. A., et al. Conditions for virus circulation and premises for natural West Nile fever foci formation in the territory of the Saratov Region. Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections. 2013; (3): 17–22. https://doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2013-3-17-22 (in Russ.)Haussig J. M., Young J. J., Gossner C. M., Mezei E., Bella A., Sirbu A., et al. Early start of the West Nile fever transmission season 2018 in Europe. Eurosurveillance. 2018; 23 (32):1800428. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.32.1800428Haussig J. M., Young J. J., Gossner C. M., Mezei E., Bella A., Sirbu A., et al. Early start of the West Nile fever transmission season 2018 in Europe. Eurosurveillance. 2018; 23 (32):1800428. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.32.1800428Esser H. J., Mögling R., Cleton N. B., van der Jeugd H., Sprong H., Stroo A., et al. Risk factors associated with sustained circulation of six zoonotic arboviruses: a systematic review for selection of surveillance sites in non-endemic areas. Parasites and Vectors. 2019; 12 (1):265. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3515-7Esser H. J., Mögling R., Cleton N. B., van der Jeugd H., Sprong H., Stroo A., et al. Risk factors associated with sustained circulation of six zoonotic arboviruses: a systematic review for selection of surveillance sites in non-endemic areas. Parasites and Vectors. 2019; 12 (1):265. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3515-7Mancuso E., Cecere J. G., Iapaolo F., Di Gennaro A., Sacchi M., Savini G., et al. West Nile and Usutu virus introduction via migratory birds: a retrospective analysis in Italy. Viruses. 2022; 14 (2):416. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020416Mancuso E., Cecere J. G., Iapaolo F., Di Gennaro A., Sacchi M., Savini G., et al. West Nile and Usutu virus introduction via migratory birds: a retrospective analysis in Italy. Viruses. 2022; 14 (2):416. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020416Fair J. M., Al-Hmoud N., Alrwashdeh M., Bartlow A. W., Balkhamish­ vili S., Daraselia I., et al. Transboundary determinants of avian zoonotic infec­ tious diseases: challenges for strengthening research capacity and connecting surveillance networks. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2024; 15:1341842. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1341842Fair J. M., Al-Hmoud N., Alrwashdeh M., Bartlow A. W., Balkhamish­ vili S., Daraselia I., et al. Transboundary determinants of avian zoonotic infec­ tious diseases: challenges for strengthening research capacity and connecting surveillance networks. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2024; 15:1341842. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1341842Vidaña B., Busquets N., Napp S., Pérez-Ramírez E., Jiménez-Clavero M. Á., Johnson N. The role of birds of prey in West Nile virus epidemiology. Vaccines. 2020; 8 (3):550. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030550Vidaña B., Busquets N., Napp S., Pérez-Ramírez E., Jiménez-Clavero M. Á., Johnson N. The role of birds of prey in West Nile virus epidemiology. Vaccines. 2020; 8 (3):550. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030550Michel F., Fischer D., Eiden M., Fast C., Reuschel M., Müller K., et al. West Nile virus and Usutu virus monitoring of wild birds in Germany. Inter­national Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (1):171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010171Michel F., Fischer D., Eiden M., Fast C., Reuschel M., Müller K., et al. West Nile virus and Usutu virus monitoring of wild birds in Germany. Inter­national Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (1):171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010171Eidson M., Komar N., Sorhage F., Nelson R., Talbot T., Mostashari F., et al. Crow deaths as a sentinel surveillance system for West Nile virus in the northeastern United States, 1999. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001; 7 (4): 615–620. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0704.010402Eidson M., Komar N., Sorhage F., Nelson R., Talbot T., Mostashari F., et al. Crow deaths as a sentinel surveillance system for West Nile virus in the northeastern United States, 1999. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001; 7 (4): 615–620. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0704.010402Holicki C. M., Ziegler U., Gaede W., Albrecht K., Hänske J., Walraph J. et al. Tracking WNV transmission with a combined dog and wild boar surveillance system. Scientific Report. 2025; 15 (1):11083. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-89561-5Holicki C. M., Ziegler U., Gaede W., Albrecht K., Hänske J., Walraph J. et al. Tracking WNV transmission with a combined dog and wild boar surveillance system. Scientific Report. 2025; 15 (1):11083. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-89561-5Bruno L., Nappo M. A., Frontoso R., Perrotta M. G., Di Lecce R., Guarnier C., et al. West Nile virus (WNV): one-health and eco-health global risks. Veterinary Sciences. 2025; 12 (3):288. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030288Bruno L., Nappo M. A., Frontoso R., Perrotta M. G., Di Lecce R., Guarnier C., et al. West Nile virus (WNV): one-health and eco-health global risks. Veterinary Sciences. 2025; 12 (3):288. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030288Naveed A., Eertink L. G., Wang D., Li F. Lessons learned from West Nile virus infection: vaccinations in equines and their implications for One Health approaches. Viruses. 2024; 16 (5):781. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050781Naveed A., Eertink L. G., Wang D., Li F. Lessons learned from West Nile virus infection: vaccinations in equines and their implications for One Health approaches. Viruses. 2024; 16 (5):781. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050781Singh P., Khatib M. N., Ballal S., Kaur M., Nathiya D., Sharma S., et al. West Nile virus in a changing climate: epidemiology, pathology, advances in diagnosis and treatment, vaccine designing and control strategies, emerging public health challenges – a comprehensive review. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2025; 14 (1):2437244. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2024.2437244Singh P., Khatib M. N., Ballal S., Kaur M., Nathiya D., Sharma S., et al. West Nile virus in a changing climate: epidemiology, pathology, advances in diagnosis and treatment, vaccine designing and control strategies, emerging public health challenges – a comprehensive review. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2025; 14 (1):2437244. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2024.2437244World Organization for Animal Health. West Nile Fever. https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.01.24_WEST_NILE.pdfWorld Organization for Animal Health. West Nile Fever. https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.01.24_WEST_NILE.pdfSewgobind S., McCracken F., Schilling M. JMM Profile: West Nile viru­s. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2023; 72 (7):001730. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001730Sewgobind S., McCracken F., Schilling M. JMM Profile: West Nile viru­s. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2023; 72 (7):001730. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001730Chang S., Xiaojuan G., Xiaotian H., Mengzhe L., Chengcheng Z., Jialuo B., et al. Humoral and cellular immune response to a single dose of a novel bivalent recombinant adenovirus-vector vaccine against West Nile virus and chikungunya virus in mice. Virology Journal. 2025; 22 (1):256. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-025-02878-5Chang S., Xiaojuan G., Xiaotian H., Mengzhe L., Chengcheng Z., Jialuo B., et al. Humoral and cellular immune response to a single dose of a novel bivalent recombinant adenovirus-vector vaccine against West Nile virus and chikungunya virus in mice. Virology Journal. 2025; 22 (1):256. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-025-02878-5Cendejas P. M., Goodman A. G. Vaccination and control methods of West Nile virus infection in equids and humans. Vaccines. 2024; 12 (5):485. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12050485Cendejas P. M., Goodman A. G. Vaccination and control methods of West Nile virus infection in equids and humans. Vaccines. 2024; 12 (5):485. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12050485Diamond M. S. Virus and host determinants of West Nile virus pathogenesis. PLoS Pathogens. 2009; 5 (6):e1000452. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000452Diamond M. S. Virus and host determinants of West Nile virus pathogenesis. PLoS Pathogens. 2009; 5 (6):e1000452. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000452Brüssow H., Figuerola J. The spread of the mosquito-transmitted West Nile virus in North America and Europe. Microbial Biotechnology. 2025; 18 (3):e70120. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.70120Brüssow H., Figuerola J. The spread of the mosquito-transmitted West Nile virus in North America and Europe. Microbial Biotechnology. 2025; 18 (3):e70120. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.70120

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.