<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">veterinary</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ветеринария сегодня</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Veterinary Science Today</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2304-196X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6959</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"Veinard"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29326/2304-196X-2025-14-4-372-382</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">veterinary-959</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ | БОЛЕЗНИ МЕЛКОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES | DISEASES OF SMALL PETS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Рекомбинантные антигены в серологической диагностике трансграничных и эмерджентных инфекций рогатого скота</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Recombinant antigens in serological diagnostics of transboundary and emerging bovine infections</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7885-8185</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тенитилов</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tenitilov</surname><given-names>Nikita A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тенитилов Никита Алексеевич, аспирант, ветеринарный врач лаборатории молекулярных и генетических исследований, </p><p> ул. Гвардейская, 6, мкр. Юрьевец, г. Владимир, 600901.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikita A. Tenitilov, Postgraduate Student, Veterinarian, Molecular and Genetic Research Laboratory,</p><p>ul. Gvardeyskaya, 6, Yur’evets, Vladimir 600901.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tenitilov@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9625-9971</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ярыгина</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yarygina</surname><given-names>Natalya A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ярыгина Наталья Анатольевна, аспирант, ветеринарный врач лаборатории молекулярных и генетических исследований, </p><p>ул. Гвардейская, 6, мкр. Юрьевец, г. Владимир, 600901.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalya A. Yarygina, Postgraduate Student, Veterinarian, Molecular and Genetic Research Laboratory,</p><p>ul. Gvardeyskaya, 6, Yur’evets, Vladimir 600901.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yarygina@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5982-3675</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Спрыгин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sprygin</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Спрыгин Александр Владимирович, доктор биологических наук, заведующий лабораторией молекулярных и генетических исследований, </p><p>ул. Гвардейская, 6, мкр. Юрьевец, г. Владимир, 600901.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander V. Sprygin, Dr. Sci. (Biology), Head of Laboratory for Molecular and Genetic Research, </p><p>ul. Gvardeyskaya, 6, Yur’evets, Vladimir 600901.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sprygin@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Федеральный центр охраны здоровья животных» (ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ»)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Centre for Animal Health</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>372</fpage><lpage>382</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тенитилов Н.А., Ярыгина Н.А., Спрыгин А.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тенитилов Н.А., Ярыгина Н.А., Спрыгин А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tenitilov N.A., Yarygina N.A., Sprygin A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/959">https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/959</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Трансграничные и эмерджентные инфекции крупного и мелкого рогатого скота, такие как чума мелких жвачных животных, болезнь Шмалленберга и другие, в условиях развивающейся глобализации представляют серьезную эпизоотическую и экономическую угрозу. С учетом текущей геополитической обстановки необходимость в современных диагностических системах отечественного производства ощущается особенно остро. Подобные системы могут быть разработаны с использованием методов генной инженерии.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Анализ отечественных и зарубежных публикаций, посвященных получению рекомбинантных белков возбудителей трансграничных и эмерджентных инфекций крупного и мелкого рогатого скота. Создание на основе обработанных данных генетических конструкций для дальнейшей разработки на их основе диагностических средств, в частности иммуноферментных тест-систем.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. При помощи инструментов биоинформатики проведен анализ и оптимизация кодонного состава последовательностей, кодирующих нуклеокапсидные белки вирусов чумы мелких жвачных животных и болезни Шмалленберга. Оптимизированные фрагменты генов были синтезированы de novo и клонированы в экспрессирующий вектор pET-32b(+). Успешность вставки целевой последовательности в вектор подтверждали методом полимеразной цепной реакции и рестрикционного анализа.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Представлена информация о разработанных на основе рекомбинантных антигенов иммуноферментных тест-системах для диагностики чумы мелких жвачных животных и болезни Шмалленберга. Освещены основные технологические аспекты получения рекомбинантных антигенов для дальнейшего их использования в диагностической системе с учетом особенностей биологии конкретного инфекционного агента, а также описана собственная методология создания векторов для экспрессии белков возбудителей обозреваемых болезней.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Наиболее перспективными для использования в качестве рекомбинантных антигенов в иммуноферментных тест-системах, направленных на выявление антител к вирусам чумы мелких жвачных животных и болезни Шмалленберга, являются полные и усеченные нуклеокапсидные белки вирионов. При этом биофизические свойства и антигенная структура данных белков позволяют получать их в культуре клеток Escherichia coli. Следует отметить, что для получения значительных количеств функциональных белков в растворимой форме может понадобиться их экспрессия в составе слитых белков с повышающими растворимость и облегчающими корректный фолдинг тегами.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Transboundary and emerging infections of cattle and small ruminants, such as peste des petits ruminants, Schmallenberg virus infection, etc., pose a serious animal health and economic threat in the context of developing globalization. Given the current geopolitical situation, the need for modern domestically produced diagnostic systems is particularly acute. Such systems can be developed using genetic engineering methods.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. Analysis of domestic and foreign publications on the production of recombinant proteins of pathogens of transboundary and emerging infections of cattle and small ruminants. Creation of genetic constructs based on the processed data for further development of diagnostic tools, in particular ELISA test systems.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Using bioinformatics tools, codon composition of the sequences encoding the nucleocapsid proteins of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV) was analyzed and optimized. The optimized gene fragments were synthesized de novo and cloned into the pET-32b(+) expression vector. Successful insertion of the target sequence into the vector was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Information on ELISA test systems developed on the basis of recombinant antigens for the diagnosis of peste des petits ruminants and Schmallenberg virus infection is presented. The main technological aspects of obtaining recombinant antigens for their further use in a diagnostic system factored in the biological features of a particular pathogen are highlighted. Our proprietary methodology for creating protein expression vectors for the pathogens of the diseases under review is additionally described.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The most promising recombinant antigens for use in ELISA test systems designed to detect antibodies against PPRV and SBV are full-length and truncated virion nucleocapsid proteins. Furthermore, the biophysical properties and antigenic structure of these proteins enable their production in Escherichia coli.  It should be noted that production of significant amounts of functional proteins in soluble form may require their expression as part of fusion proteins with tags enhancing solubility and facilitating correct folding.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рекомбинантные антигены</kwd><kwd>серологическая диагностика</kwd><kwd>иммуноферментный анализ</kwd><kwd>рогатый скот</kwd><kwd>чума мелких жвачных</kwd><kwd>болезнь Шмалленберга</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>recombinant antigens</kwd><kwd>serological diagnostics</kwd><kwd>ELISA</kwd><kwd>cattle</kwd><kwd>peste des petits ruminants</kwd><kwd>Schmallenberg virus infection</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет средств гранта Российского научного фонда (соглашение № 25-24-20116) и при поддержке Министерства экономического развития и промышленности Владимирской области.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Grant Agreement 25-24-20116) and the Ministry of Economic Development and Industry of the Vladimir Oblast.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar N., Maherchandani S., Kashyap S. K., Singh S. V., Sharma S., Chaubey K. K., Ly H. Peste des petits ruminants virus infection of small ruminants: A comprehensive review. Viruses. 2014; 6 (6): 2287–2327. https://doi.org/10.3390/v6062287</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar N., Maherchandani S., Kashyap S. K., Singh S. V., Sharma S., Chaubey K. K., Ly H. Peste des petits ruminants virus infection of small ruminants: A comprehensive review. Viruses. 2014; 6 (6): 2287–2327. https://doi.org/10.3390/v6062287</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Das A., Mahanta D., Choudhury F. A., Barua A., Talukdar M. J. Peste des petits ruminants: A comprehensive overview. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2022; 11 (9S): 776–782. https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/2022/vol11issue9S/PartJ/S-11-8-235-850.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Das A., Mahanta D., Choudhury F. A., Barua A., Talukdar M. J. Peste des petits ruminants: A comprehensive overview. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2022; 11 (9S): 776–782. https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/2022/vol11issue9S/PartJ/S-11-8-235-850.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Закутский Н. И., Балышев В. М., Книзе А. В., Гузалова А. Г., Юрков С. Г. Чума мелких жвачных животных (современное состояние, эпизоотология, специфическая профилактика и меры борьбы). Научный журнал КубГАУ. 2012; (83). http://ej.kubagro.ru/2012/09/pdf/31.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakutskiy N. I., Balyshev V. M., Kneize A. V., Gouzalova A. G., Yurkov S. G. Peste des petits ruminants (contemporary situation, epizootology, specific prophylaxis and control measures). Scientific Journal of KubSAU. 2012; (83). http://ej.kubagro.ru/2012/09/pdf/31.pdf (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калантаенко Ю. Ф., Михалкин И. П., Балышев В. М., Коломыцев А. А., Горшкова Т. Ф., Сурков В. Б. Чума мелких жвачных – распространение, диагностика и профилактика. Ветеринарная патология. 2007; (2): 38–43. https://elibrary.ru/oezjed</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalantaenko Yu. F., Mikhalkin I. P., Balyshev V. M., Kolomytsev A. A., Gorshkova T. F., Surkov V. B. Chuma melkikh zhvachnykh – rasprostranenie, diagnostika i profilaktika = Peste des petits ruminants – spread, diagnosis and prevention. Russian Journal of Veterinary Pathology. 2007; (2): 38–43. https://elibrary.ru/oezjed (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мищенко А. В., Мищенко В. А., Черных О. Ю., Шевкопляс В. Н., Кривонос Р. А., Лысенко А. А., Чернов А. Н. Эпизоотические особенности чумы мелких жвачных животных. Ветеринарный врач. 2018; (6): 40–47. https://elibrary.ru/yqvekl</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mishchenko A. V., Mishchenko V. A., Chernykh O. Yu., Shevkoplyas V. N., Krivonos R. A., Lysenko A. A., Chernov A. N. Episotic characteristics of small ruminants pest. Тhe Veterinarian. 2018; (6): 40–47. https://elibrary.ru/yqvekl (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baron M. D., Diallo A., Lancelot R., Libeau G. Peste des petits ruminants virus. Advances in Virus Research. 2016; 95: 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.02.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baron M. D., Diallo A., Lancelot R., Libeau G. Peste des petits ruminants virus. Advances in Virus Research. 2016; 95: 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.02.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Середа А. Д., Морозова Д. Ю., Иматдинов А. Р., Лыска В. М., Живодеров С. П., Сливко И. А., Луницин А. В. Конструирование тест-систем на основе рекомбинантного нуклеокапсидного белка для серодиагностики чумы мелких жвачных. Сельскохозяйственная биология. 2019; 54 (6): 1225–1235. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2019.6.1225rus</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sereda A. D., Morozova D. Yu., Imatdinov A. R., Lyska V. M., Zhivodyorov S. P., Slivko I. A., Lunitsyn A. V. Development of test systems using a recombinant nucleocapsid viral protein for serodiagnosis of peste des petits ruminants. Agricultural Biology. 2019; 54 (6): 1225–1235. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2019.6.1225eng</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вавилова Н. В., Щербаков А. В. Применение рекомбинантного нуклеокапсидного белка в непрямом варианте ИФА для выявления антител к вирусу чумы мелких жвачных. Ветеринарная патология. 2006; (4): 76–78. https://elibrary.ru/oedrer</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vavilova N. V., Scherbakov A. V. The use of the recombinant nucleocapsid protein in the indirect ELISA aimed at the detection of antibodies against the virus of peste des petits ruminants. Russian Journal of Veterinary Pathology. 2006; (4): 76–78. https://elibrary.ru/oedrer (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Морозова Д. Ю., Иматдинов А. Р., Живодеров С. П., Титов И. А., Лыска В. М., Луницин А. В., Середа А. Д. Получение рекомбинантного нуклеокапсидного белка вируса чумы мелких жвачных для применения в серодиагностике. Сельскохозяйственная биология. 2019; 54 (2): 337–346. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2019.2.337rus</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morozova D. Yu., Imatdinov A. R., Zhivoderov S. P., Titov I. A., Lyska V. M., Lunitsyn A. V., Sereda A. D. Obtaining recombinant nucleocapsid protein of PPR virus for disease serodiagnostic. Agricultural Biology. 2019; 54 (2): 337–346. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2019.2.337eng</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yadav V., Balamurugan V., Bhanuprakash V., Sen A., Bhanot V., Venkatesan G., et al. Expression of peste des petits ruminants virus nucleocapsid protein in prokaryotic system and its potential use as a diagnostic antigen or immunogen. Journal of Virological Methods. 2009; 162 (1–2): 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.07.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yadav V., Balamurugan V., Bhanuprakash V., Sen A., Bhanot V., Venkatesan G., et al. Expression of peste des petits ruminants virus nucleocapsid protein in prokaryotic system and its potential use as a diagnostic antigen or immunogen. Journal of Virological Methods. 2009; 162 (1–2): 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.07.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang G.-R., Zeng J.-Y., Zhu Y.-M., Dong S.-J., Zhu S., Yu R.-S., et al. Development of an indirect ELISA with artificially synthesized N protein of PPR virus. Intervirology. 2012; 55 (1): 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1159/000322220</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang G.-R., Zeng J.-Y., Zhu Y.-M., Dong S.-J., Zhu S., Yu R.-S., et al. Development of an indirect ELISA with artificially synthesized N protein of PPR virus. Intervirology. 2012; 55 (1): 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1159/000322220</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Libeau G., Préhaud C., Lancelot R., Colas F., Guerre L., Bishop D. H. L., Diallo A. Development of a competitive ELISA for detecting antibodies to the peste des petits ruminants virus using a recombinant nucleoprotein. Research in Veterinary Science. 1995; 58 (1): 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/00345288(95)90088-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Libeau G., Préhaud C., Lancelot R., Colas F., Guerre L., Bishop D. H. L., Diallo A. Development of a competitive ELISA for detecting antibodies to the peste des petits ruminants virus using a recombinant nucleoprotein. Research in Veterinary Science. 1995; 58 (1): 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/00345288(95)90088-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Choi K.-S., Nah J.-J, Ko Y.-J., Kang S.-Y., Jo N.-I. Rapid competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to peste des petits ruminants virus. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2005; 12 (4): 542–547. https://doi.org/10.1128/CDLI.12.4.542-547.2005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Choi K.-S., Nah J.-J, Ko Y.-J., Kang S.-Y., Jo N.-I. Rapid competitive enzyme-linked  immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to peste des petits ruminants virus. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2005; 12 (4): 542–547. https://doi.org/10.1128/CDLI.12.4.542-547.2005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бурова О. А., Захарова О. И., Торопова Н. Н., Лискова Е. А., Яшин И. В., Блохин А. А. Болезнь Шмалленберг: обзор литературы и эпизоотическая ситуация в мире и России. Аграрная наука Евро- Северо- Востока. 2022; 23 (1): 7–15. https://doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2022.23.1.7-15</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burova O. A., Zakharova O. I., Toropova N. N., Liskova E. A., Yashin I. V., Blokhin A. A. Schmallenberg disease: literature review and epizootic situation in the world and in Russia. Agricultural Science Euro- North- East. 2022; 23 (1): 7–15. https://doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2022.23.1.7-15 (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Макаров В. В., Гулюкин М. И., Львов Д. К. Зоопатогенные ортобуньявирусы (Orthobunyavirus, Bunyaviridae). Вопросы вирусологии. 2016; 61 (2): 53–58. https://doi.org/10.18821/0507-4088-2016-61-2-53-58</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makarov V. V., Guliukin M. I., Lvov D. K. Zoopathogenic orthobuniaviruses (Orthobunyavirus, Bunyaviridae). Problems of Virology. 2016; 61 (2): 53–58. https://doi.org/10.18821/0507-4088-2016-61-2-53-58 (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bréard E., Lara E., Comtet L., Viarouge C., Doceul V., Desprat A., et al. Validation of a commercially available indirect ELISA using a nucleocapside recombinant protein for detection of Schmallenberg virus antibodies. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8 (1): e53446. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053446</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bréard E., Lara E., Comtet L., Viarouge C., Doceul V., Desprat A., et al. Validation of a commercially available indirect ELISA using a nucleocapside recombinant protein for detection of Schmallenberg virus antibodies. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8 (1): e53446. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053446</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lazutka J., Zvirbliene A., Dalgediene I., Petraityte-Burneikiene R., Spakova A., Sereika V., et al. Generation of recombinant Schmallenberg virus nucleocapsid protein in yeast and development of virus- specific monoclonal antibodies. Journal of Immunology Research. 2014; 2014:160316. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/160316</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazutka J., Zvirbliene A., Dalgediene I., Petraityte- Burneikiene R., Spakova A., Sereika V., et al. Generation of recombinant Schmallenberg virus nucleocapsid protein in yeast and development of virus- specific monoclonal antibodies. Journal of Immunology Research. 2014; 2014:160316. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/160316</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Y., Wu S., Wang J., Wernike K., Lv J., Feng C., et al. Expression and purification of the nucleocapsid protein of Schmallenberg virus, and preparation and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against this protein. Protein Expression and Purification. 2013; 92 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pep.2013.08.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Y., Wu S., Wang J., Wernike K., Lv J., Feng C., et al. Expression and purification of the nucleocapsid protein of Schmallenberg virus, and preparation and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against this protein. Protein Expression and Purification. 2013; 92 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pep.2013.08.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кухаркина О. В., Борисова О. А. Болезнь Шмалленберга (обзор). Труды Федерального центра охраны здоровья животных. 2014; 12: 86–102. https://elibrary.ru/sysyff</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kukharkina O. V., Borisova O. A. Schmallenberg disease (review). Proceedings of the Federal Centre for Animal Health. 2014; 12: 86–102. https://elibrary.ru/sysyff (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Спрыгин А. В., Кононов А. В., Бабин Ю. Ю., Мищенко В. А. Болезнь Шмалленберга: молекулярно- биологические особенности и клиническая картина (обзор). Сельскохозяйственная биология. 2012; (6): 24–34. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2012.6.24rus</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sprygin A. V., Kononov A. V., Babin Yu. Yu., Mishchenko V. A. Schmallenberg virus disease: molecular biology and clinical presentation (review). Agricultural Biology. 2012; (6): 24–34. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2012.6.24rus (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Луницин А. В., Сальников Н. И., Никитина Е. Г., Цыбанов С. Ж., Колбасов Д. В. Болезнь Шмалленберг – новое заболевание жвачных в Европе. Ветеринария. 2012; (4): 23–26. https://elibrary.ru/ownuxr</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lunicin A. V., Salnikov N. I., Nikitina E. G., Tcybanov S. Zh., Kolbasov D. V. A new disease of ruminants in Europe – disease Schmallenberg. Veterinariya. 2012; (4): 23–26. https://elibrary.ru/ownuxr (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Varela M., Schnettler E., Caporale M., Murgia C., Barry G., McFarlane M., et al. Schmallenberg virus pathogenesis, tropism and interaction with the innate immune system of the host. PLoS Pathogens. 2013; 9 (1): e1003133. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003133</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Varela M., Schnettler E., Caporale M., Murgia C., Barry G., McFarlane M., et al. Schmallenberg virus pathogenesis, tropism and interaction with the innate immune system of the host. PLoS Pathogens. 2013; 9 (1): e1003133. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003133</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collins Á. B., Doherty M. L., Barrett D. J., Mee J. F. Schmallenberg virus: a systematic international literature review (2011–2019) from an Irish perspective. Irish Veterinary Journal. 2019; 72:9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-019-0147-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collins Á. B., Doherty M. L., Barrett D. J., Mee J. F. Schmallenberg virus: a systematic international literature review (2011–2019) from an Irish perspective. Irish Veterinary Journal. 2019; 72:9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-019-0147-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fan K., Li Y., Chen Z., Fan L. GenRCA: a user-friendly rare codon analysis tool for comprehensive evaluation of codon usage preferences based on coding sequences in genomes. BMC Bioinformatics. 2024; 25 (1):309. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-024-05934-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fan K., Li Y., Chen Z., Fan L. GenRCA: a user-friendly rare codon analysis tool for comprehensive evaluation of codon usage preferences based on coding sequences in genomes. BMC Bioinformatics. 2024; 25 (1):309. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-024-05934-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okonechnikov K., Golosova O., Fursov M, the UGENE team. Unipro UGENE: a unified bioinformatics toolkit. Bioinformatics. 2012; 28 (8): 1166–1167. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts091</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okonechnikov K., Golosova O., Fursov M, the UGENE team. Unipro UGENE: a unified bioinformatics toolkit. Bioinformatics. 2012; 28 (8): 1166–1167. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts091</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elena C., Ravasi P., Castelli M. E., Peirú S., Menzella H. G. Expression of codon optimized genes in microbial systems: current industrial applications and perspectives. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2014; 5:21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elena C., Ravasi P., Castelli M. E., Peirú S., Menzella H. G. Expression of codon optimized genes in microbial systems: current industrial applications and perspectives. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2014; 5:21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Menzella H. G. Comparison of two codon optimization strategies to enhance recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli. Microbial Cell Factories. 2011; 10:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-10-15</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Menzella H. G. Comparison of two codon optimization strategies to enhance recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli. Microbial Cell Factories. 2011; 10:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-10-15</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
