<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">veterinary</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ветеринария сегодня</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Veterinary Science Today</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2304-196X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6959</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"Veinard"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29326/2304-196X-2025-14-3-283-293</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">veterinary-944</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ | БОЛЕЗНИ КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES | BOVINE DISEASES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Разработка и применение иммуноферментной тест-системы для оценки гуморального иммунитета против вируса ящура топотипа SAT2/XIV</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Development and application of ELISA test system for assessing humoral immunity against SAT2 topotype XIV foot-and-mouth disease virus</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0029-6345</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Луговская</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lugovskaya</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Луговская Наталия Николаевна - канд. биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории профилактики ящура ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ».</p><p>ул. Гвардейская, 6, мкр. Юрьевец, Владимир, 600901</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia N. Lugovskaya - Cand. Sci. (Biology), Leading Researcher, Laboratory for FMD Prevention, Federal Centre for Animal Health.</p><p>6 Gvardeyskaya str., Yur’evets, Vladimir 60090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lugovskaya@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2986-8992</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Елькина</surname><given-names>Ю. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>El’kina</surname><given-names>Yu. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елькина Юлия Сергеевна - канд. вет. наук, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории профилактики ящура ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ».</p><p>ул. Гвардейская, 6, мкр. Юрьевец, Владимир, 600901</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia S. El’kina - Cand. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Junior Researcher, Laboratory for FMD Prevention, Federal Centre for Animal Health.</p><p>6 Gvardeyskaya str., Yur’evets, Vladimir 60090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elkina_ys@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5874-8363</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевченко</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shevchenko</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шевченко Максим Александрович - канд. вет. наук, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории профилактики ящура ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ».</p><p>ул. Гвардейская, 6, мкр. Юрьевец, Владимир, 600901</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maxim A. Shevchenko - Cand. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Junior Researcher, Laboratory for FMD Prevention, Federal Centre for Animal Health.</p><p>6 Gvardeyskaya str., Yur’evets, Vladimir 60090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shevchenko_ma@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2508-8411</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гочмурадов</surname><given-names>Ы. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gochmuradov</surname><given-names>Y. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гочмурадов Ыхлас Мурадович - ветеринарный врач лаборатории профилактики ящура ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ».</p><p>ул. Гвардейская, 6, мкр. Юрьевец, Владимир, 600901</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ykhlas M. Gochmuradov - Veterinarian, Laboratory for FMD Prevention, Federal Centre for Animal Health.</p><p>6 Gvardeyskaya str., Yur’evets, Vladimir 60090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gochmuradov@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0865-3749</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клюкина</surname><given-names>Н. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Klyukina</surname><given-names>N. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Клюкина Надежда Дмитриевна - канд. вет. наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории профилактики ящура ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ».</p><p>ул. Гвардейская, 6, мкр. Юрьевец, Владимир, 600901</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nadezhda D. Klyukina - Cand. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Senior Researcher, Laboratory for FMD Prevention, Federal Centre for Animal Health.</p><p>6 Gvardeyskaya str., Yur’evets, Vladimir 60090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">klukina@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1718-1955</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михалишин</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhalishin</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михалишин Дмитрий Валерьевич - д-р вет. наук, главный эксперт по вакцинопрофилактике ящура ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ».</p><p>ул. Гвардейская, 6, мкр. Юрьевец, Владимир, 600901</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry V. Mikhalishin - Dr. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Chief expert in FMD vaccine prevention, Federal Centre for Animal Health.</p><p>6 Gvardeyskaya str., Yur’evets, Vladimir 60090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mihalishindv@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9880-9657</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Борисов Алексей Валерьевич - канд. вет. наук, заведующий лабораторией профилактики ящура ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ».</p><p>ул. Гвардейская, 6, мкр. Юрьевец, Владимир, 600901</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey V. Borisov - Cand. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Head of Laboratory for FMD Prevention, Federal Centre for Animal Health.</p><p>6 Gvardeyskaya str., Yur’evets, Vladimir 60090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">borisov_av@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Федеральный центр охраны здоровья животных» (ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ»)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Centre for Animal Health</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>283</fpage><lpage>293</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Луговская Н.Н., Елькина Ю.С., Шевченко М.А., Гочмурадов Ы.М., Клюкина Н.Д., Михалишин Д.В., Борисов А.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Луговская Н.Н., Елькина Ю.С., Шевченко М.А., Гочмурадов Ы.М., Клюкина Н.Д., Михалишин Д.В., Борисов А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lugovskaya N.N., El’kina Y.S., Shevchenko M.A., Gochmuradov Y.M., Klyukina N.D., Mikhalishin D.V., Borisov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/944">https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/944</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Ящур – высококонтагиозная, экономически значимая болезнь парнокопытных животных, характеризующаяся везикулярными симптомами. Известны 7 серотипов вируса ящура (A, O, C, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 и Asia 1), иммунологически отличающихся между собой. В последнее время особое внимание уделяется топотипу вируса ящура SAT2/XIV (South African Territories 2) ввиду его быстрого распространения. Одними из основных методов борьбы с ящуром являются вакцинопрофилактика и оценка иммунного статуса поголовья восприимчивых животных.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Разработка и испытание иммуноферментной тест-системы на основе непрямого жидкофазного блокирующего варианта иммуноферментного анализа для определения антител к структурным белкам вируса ящура топотипа SAT2/XIV для оценки эффективности противоящурной вакцины на основе антигена вируса ящура штамма SAT-2/XIV/2023 при ее производстве и последующем применении.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследуемым материалом служили экспериментальные образцы сыворотки крови крупного рогатого скота, свиней и белых мышей. Испытание разработанной иммуноферментной тест-системы для оценки уровня поствакцинальных антител к вирусу ящура топотипа SAT2/XIV проводили в сравнении с коммерческими наборами: для определения антител к вирусу ящура SAT 2 (ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ», Россия) и Solid-phase competitive ELISA for antibodies specific to FMDV serotype SAT 2 (IZSLER &amp; The Pirbright Institute, Италия/Великобритания).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Эффективность предложенной тест-системы в регистрации выработки антител к вирусу ящура топотипа SAT2/XIV была выше, чем у других иммуноферментных тест-систем, обладающих выраженной топотипоспецифичностью к возбудителю ящура топотипа SAT2/VII. У отдельных особей крупного рогатого скота специфические антитела выявляли на 7-е сут после вакцинации. Высокие значения диагностической чувствительности (90%), диагностической специфичности (98%) и диагностической точности (95%) определили высокую степень согласованности результатов реакции иммуноферментного анализа с известным диагностическим статусом обследуемых животных (κ-критерий – 0,896).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Таким образом, иммуноферментная тест-система для оценки гуморального иммунитета против вируса ящура топотипа SAT2/XIV, имеющая 100%-ю степень гомологии с вакцинным штаммом, обладающая высокими диагностическими показателями, является надежным инструментом оценки качества вакцины против ящура SAT2/XIV.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious, economically significant disease of cloven-hoofed animals, characterized by vesicular symptoms. There are seven known foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes (A, O, C, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 and Asia 1), which immunologically differ from each other. Special attention has been recently paid to FMDV of SAT2/XIV topotype (South African Territories 2) due to its rapid spread. One of the key methods of FMD control is vaccination and assessment of the susceptible animal immune status.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. Development and testing of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system based on the indirect liquid-phase blocking ELISA for the determination of antibodies to structural proteins of SAT2/XIV FMDV in order to evaluate the effectiveness of an FMD vaccine based on SAT-2/XIV/2023 FMDV antigen in the process of its production and subsequent use.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The test material included experimental serum samples collected from cattle, pigs and white mice. The developed ELISA test system for assessing the level of post-vaccination antibodies against SAT2/XIV FMDV was validated through comparative testing with commercial test-kits: Test-kit for the determination of SAT 2 FMDV antibodies (Federal Centre for Animal Health, Russia) and “Solid-phase competitive ELISA for antibodies specific to FMDV serotype SAT 2”(IZSLER &amp; The Pirbright Institute, Italy/Great Britain).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The effectiveness of the proposed test system in detecting the induction of antibodies against SAT2/XIV FMDV was higher than that of other ELISA systems with the pronounced topotype specificity to the SAT2/VII FMD agent. Specific antibodies were detected in individual cattle on day 7 post vaccination. High diagnostic sensitivity (90%), specificity (98%) and accuracy (95%) ensured high degree of the ELISA results consistency with the known diagnostic status of the tested animals (k-criterion – 0.896).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Thus, the ELISA system for assessing humoral immunity against SAT2/XIV FMDV, which is 100% homologous with the vaccine strain and demonstrates high diagnostic parameters, is a reliable tool for assessing the quality of the SAT2/XIV FMD vaccine.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус ящура серотипа SAT 2</kwd><kwd>иммуноферментный анализ</kwd><kwd>гуморальный иммунитет</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>serotype SAT 2 FMDV</kwd><kwd>ELISA</kwd><kwd>humoral immunity</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа проведена за счет средств ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ» в рамках научно-исследовательских работ по теме «Ветеринарное благополучие». Авторы выражают благодарность сотрудникам сектора биотехнологии лаборатории профилактики ящура ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ»: ведущему ветеринарному врачу А.А. Харитоновой, главным специалистам Е.А. Разгуляевой и О.О. Будиной – за выполнение отдельных этапов работы.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was funded by the Federal Centre for Animal Health within the research topic “Veterinary Welfare”. The authors extend their gratitude to the staff of the Biotechnology Sector at the Laboratory for FMD Prevention of the Federal Centre for Animal Health A.A. Kharitonova, Leading Veterinarian; E.A. Razgulyaeva and O.O. Budina, Chief Specialists, for performing certain stages of the work.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WOAH. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. 13th ed. 2024. https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/A_summry.htm</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WOAH. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. 13th ed. 2024. https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/A_summry.htm</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Феррари Д., Пейтон Д., Дуффи С., Бартелс К., Найт-Джонс Т. Вакцинация против ящура и поствакцинальный мониторинг: руководство. Под ред. С. Метвалли, С. Мюнстерманн. Рим: ФАО, ВОЗЖ; 2020. 88 с. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i5975ru</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferrari G., Paton D., Duffy S., Bartels C., Knight-Jones T. Foot and mouth disease vaccination and post-vaccination monitoring: Guidelines. Ed. by S. Metwally, S. Münstermann. Rome: FAO, OIE; 2016. 111 p. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i5975e</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Луговская Н. Н., Силантьева Е. А., Михалишин Д. В., Мороз Н. В., Малыгин М. П., Харитонова А. А. и др. Диагностическая тест-система для выявления антител к структурным белкам вируса ящура генотипа SAT2/VII в жидкофазном блокирующем варианте ИФА. Актуальные вопросы ветеринарной биологии. 2023; (4): 43–52. https://doi.org/10.24412/2074-5036-2023-4-43-52</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lugovskaya N. N., Silantyeva E. A., Mikhalishin D. V., Moroz N. V., Malygin M. P., Kharitonova A. A., et al. Diagnostic test-system for detection of antibodies to structural proteins of FMD virus genotype SAT2/VII in the liquid-phase blocking ELISA. Actual Questions of Veterinary Biology. 2023; (4): 43–52. https://doi.org/10.24412/2074-5036-2023-4-43-52 (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ProMED, International society for infectious diseases. https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=20230204.8708168</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ProMED, International society for infectious diseases. https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=20230204.8708168</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Михалишин Д. В., Доронин М. И., Чвала И. А., Борисов А. В., Харитонова А. А., Гочмурадов Ы. М. и др. Вакцина против ящура генотипа SAT-2/XIV из штамма «SAT-2/XIV/2023» культуральная инактивированная эмульсионная. Патент № 2824660 Российская Федерация, МПК A61K 39/135 (2006.01). ФГБУ «Федеральный центр охраны здоровья животных». № 2024108919. Заявл. 03.04.2024. Опубл. 12.08.2024. Бюл. № 23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mikhalishin D. V., Doronin M. I., Chvala I. A., Borisov A. V., Kharitonova A. A., Gochmuradov Y. М., et al. Culture inactivated emulsion vaccine against foot- and-mouth disease of SAT2/XIV genotype from SAT-2/XIV/2023 strain. Patent No. 2824660 Russian Federation, Int. Cl. A61K 39/135 (2006.01). Federal Centre for Animal Health. No. 2024108919. Date of filing: 03.04.2024. Date of publication: 12.08.2024. Bull. No. 23. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Никифоров В. В., Доронин М. И., Борисов А. В., Чвала И. А., Михалишин Д. В., Фомина С. Н. и др. Штамм «SAT-2/XIV/2023» вируса ящура Aphtae epizooticae генотипа SAT-2/XIV для изготовления биопрепаратов для диагностики и специфической профилактики ящура. Патент № 2817257 Российская Федерация, МПК C12N 7/00 (2006.01). ФГБУ «Федеральный центр охраны здоровья животных». № 2023123055. Заявл. 04.09.2023. Опубл. 12.04.2024. Бюл. № 11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikiforov V. V., Doronin M. I., Borisov A. V., Chvala I. A., Mikhalishin D. V., Fomina S. N., et al. SAT-2/XIV/2023 strain of foot and mouth disease virus Aphtae epizooticae of SAT2/XIV genotype for production of biopreparations for diagnosis and specific prevention of foot-and-mouth disease. Patent No. 2817257 Russian Federation, Int. Cl. C12N 7/00 (2006.01). Federal Centre for Animal Health. No. 2023123055. Date of filing: 04.09.2023. Date of publication: 12.04.2024. Bull. No. 11. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knowles N. J., Wadsworth J., Hicks H. M., Polo N., Mioulet V., Gizaw D., King D. P. Genome sequences of SAT 2 foot-and-mouth disease viruses belonging to topotype XIV. Submitted (28-FEB-2023) Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory Group, The Pirbright Institute, United Kingdom. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/WKE35516.1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knowles N. J., Wadsworth J., Hicks H. M., Polo N., Mioulet V., Gizaw D., King D. P. Genome sequences of SAT 2 foot-and-mouth disease viruses belonging to topotype XIV. Submitted (28-FEB-2023) Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory Group, The Pirbright Institute, United Kingdom. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/WKE35516.1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knowles N. J., Wadsworth J., Hicks H. M., Polo N., Mioulet V., Gizaw D., King D. P. Genome sequences of SAT 2 foot-and-mouth disease viruses belonging to topotype XIV. Submitted (28-FEB-2023) Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory Group, The Pirbright Institute, United Kingdom. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/WKE35517.1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knowles N. J., Wadsworth J., Hicks H. M., Polo N., Mioulet V., Gizaw D., King D. P. Genome sequences of SAT 2 foot-and-mouth disease viruses belonging to topotype XIV. Submitted (28-FEB-2023) Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory Group, The Pirbright Institute, United Kingdom. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/WKE35517.1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abualghusein I. H. M., Ababneh M. M. K., Al-Zghoul M. B., Alghizzawi D. A. A., Aboomer H. A. A. Submitted (07-JAN-2024) Basic Veterinary Science, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/WUR05443.1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abualghusein I. H. M., Ababneh M. M. K., Al-Zghoul M. B., Alghizzawi D. A. A., Aboomer H. A. A. Submitted (07-JAN-2024) Basic Veterinary Science, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/WUR05443.1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sahle M., Venter E. H., Dwarka R. M., Vosloo W. Genetic heterogeneity of SAT-2 type foot-and-mouth disease viruses in East Africa. Submitted (17-JUL-2003) Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/AAR09103</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sahle M., Venter E. H., Dwarka R. M., Vosloo W. Genetic heterogeneity of SAT-2 type foot-and-mouth disease viruses in East Africa. Submitted (17-JUL-2003) Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/AAR09103</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahmed H. A., Salem S. A. H., Habashi A. R., Arafa A. A., Aggour M. G. A., Salem G. H., et al. Emergence of foot-and-mouth disease virus SAT 2 in Egypt during 2012. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2012; 59 (6): 476–481. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahmed H. A., Salem S. A. H., Habashi A. R., Arafa A. A., Aggour M. G. A., Salem G. H., et al. Emergence of foot-and-mouth disease virus SAT 2 in Egypt during 2012. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2012; 59 (6): 476–481. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hassan A. M., El-Mayet F. S., El-Habbaa A. S., Shahein M. A., El Zowalaty M. E., Hagag N. M., Sharawi S. S. A. Molecular characterization of newly emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype SAT 2 of Lib-12 lineage isolated from Egypt. Virus Research. 2022; 311: 198651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198651</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hassan A. M., El-Mayet F. S., El-Habbaa A. S., Shahein M. A., El Zowalaty M. E., Hagag N. M., Sharawi S. S. A. Molecular characterization of newly emerging foot- and-mouth disease virus serotype SAT 2 of Lib-12 lineage isolated from Egypt. Virus Research. 2022; 311: 198651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198651</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hosein H. I., Rouby S. R., Hendy K. Submitted (23-MAY-2019) Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Egypt. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/QEI49588.1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hosein H. I., Rouby S. R., Hendy K. Submitted (23-MAY-2019) Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Egypt. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/QEI49588.1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdulrahman D. A., Shaheen M. A., El-Deeb A. H., Shafik N. G., Hussein H. A. Characterization of FMDVs from vaccinated cattle and buffaloes in Egypt 2015–2017. Submitted (20-NOV-2017) Virology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Egypt. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/AXR97922.1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdulrahman D. A., Shaheen M. A., El-Deeb A. H., Shafik N. G., Hussein H. A. Characterization of FMDVs from vaccinated cattle and buffaloes in Egypt 2015–2017. Submitted (20-NOV-2017) Virology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Egypt. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/AXR97922.1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laemmli U. K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970; 227: 680–685. https://doi.org/10.1038/227680a0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laemmli U. K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970; 227: 680–685. https://doi.org/10.1038/227680a0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lugovskaya N. N., Scherbakov A. V., Yakovleva A. S., Tsyvanyuk M. A., Mudrak N. S., Drygin V. V., Borisov A. V. Detection of antibodies to avian infectious virus by a recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Journal of Virological Methods. 2006; 135 (2): 292–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.03.019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lugovskaya N. N., Scherbakov A. V., Yakovleva A. S., Tsyvanyuk M. A., Mudrak N. S., Drygin V. V., Borisov A. V. Detection of antibodies to avian infectious virus by a recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Journal of Virological Methods. 2006; 135 (2): 292–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.03.019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamblin C., Barnett I. T. R., Hedger R. S. A new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus: I. Development and method of ELISA. Journal of Immunological Methods. 1986; 93 (1): 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(86)90441-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamblin C., Barnett I. T. R., Hedger R. S. A new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus: I. Development and method of ELISA. Journal of Immunological Methods. 1986; 93 (1): 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(86)90441-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamblin C., Barnett I. T. R., Crowther J. R. A new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus: II. Application. Journal of Immunological Methods. 1986; 93 (1): 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(86)90442-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamblin C., Barnett I. T. R., Crowther J. R. A new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus: II. Application. Journal of Immunological Methods. 1986; 93 (1): 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(86)90442-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamblin C., Kitching R. P., Donaldson A. I., Crowther J. R., Barnett I. T. R. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus: III. Evaluation of antibodies after infection and vaccination. Epidemiology and Infection. 1987; 99 (3): 733–744. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268800066590</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamblin C., Kitching R. P., Donaldson A. I., Crowther J. R., Barnett I. T. R. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus: III. Evaluation of antibodies after infection and vaccination. Epidemiology and Infection. 1987; 99 (3): 733–744. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268800066590</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Луговская Н. Н., Калинина Е. Н., Малкова К. С., Воробьева О. В., Горячева Г. М., Майорова Т. К. Валидация методики определения уровня противоящурных антител в реакции жидкофазного блокирующего «сэндвич»-варианта иммуноферментного анализа. Ветеринария сегодня. 2015; (3): 22–29. https://elibrary.ru/umsjvj</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lugovskaya N. N., Kalinina Ye. N., Malkova K. S., Vorobyova O. V., Goryacheva G. M., Mayorova T. K. Validation of the technique aimed at the determination of FMD antibodies in liquid phase blocking sandwich ELISA. Veterinary Science Today. 2015; (3): 22–29. https://elibrary.ru/umsjvj (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dho G., Grazioli S., Bugnetti M., Pezzoni G., Maree F. F., Esterhuysen J., et al. Ready-to-use kits for detection of antibody to FMDV serotypes SAT1 and SAT2. Open session of the Standing Technical and Research Committees of the EuFMD (Cavtat, Croatia; October 29–31, 2014). https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/eufmd/Open_Session_2014PPTS/Parallel29oct/WPar8.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dho G., Grazioli S., Bugnetti M., Pezzoni G., Maree F. F., Esterhuysen J., et al. Ready-to-use kits for detection of antibody to FMDV serotypes SAT1 and SAT2. Open session of the Standing Technical and Research Committees of the EuFMD (Cavtat, Croatia; October 29–31, 2014). https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/eufmd/Open_Session_2014PPTS/Parallel29oct/WPar8.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
