<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">veterinary</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ветеринария сегодня</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Veterinary Science Today</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2304-196X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6959</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"Veinard"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29326/2304-196X-2025-14-2-133-139</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">veterinary-911</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ | БОЛЕЗНИ КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS | BOVINE DISEASES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Респираторно-синцитиальная инфекция крупного рогатого скота: особенности клинического проявления, патогенеза и молекулярной эпизоотологии (обзор)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection: clinical manifestations, pathogenesis and molecular epidemiology (review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2649-7505</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котенева</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koteneva</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Котенева Светлана Владимировна, канд. вет. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории биотехнологии – диагностический центр,</p><p>пос. Краснообск, Новосибирская обл., 630501.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana V. Koteneva, Cand. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Biotechnology – Diagnostic Center, </p><p>Krasnoobsk  630501, Novosibirsk Oblast.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kotenevasv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2006-0196</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глотов</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Glotov</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Глотов Александр Гаврилович, д-р вет. наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник, заведующий лабораторией биотехнологии – диагностический центр,</p><p>пос. Краснообск, Новосибирская обл., 630501.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander G. Glotov, Dr. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Professor, Chief Researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Biotechnology – Diagnostic Center, </p><p>Krasnoobsk  630501, Novosibirsk Oblast.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">glotov_vet@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3538-8749</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глотова</surname><given-names>Т. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Glotova</surname><given-names>T. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Глотова Татьяна Ивановна, д-р биол. наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник лаборатории биотехнологии – диагностический центр, </p><p>пос. Краснообск, Новосибирская обл., 630501.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana I. Glotova, Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor, Chief Researcher, Laboratory of Biotechnology – Diagnostic Center, </p><p>Krasnoobsk  630501, Novosibirsk Oblast.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">t-glotova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4181-4268</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нефедченко</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nefedchenko</surname><given-names>Aleksey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нефедченко Алексей Васильевич, д-р вет. наук, доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории биотехнологии – диагностический центр,</p><p>пос. Краснообск, Новосибирская обл., 630501.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksey V. Nefedchenko, Dr. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Associate Professor, Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Biotechnology – Diagnostic Center, </p><p>Krasnoobsk  630501, Novosibirsk Oblast.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">homeovet@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН «Сибирский федеральный научный центр агробиотехнологий Российской академии наук», Институт экспериментальной ветеринарии Сибири и Дальнего Востока (ИЭВСиДВ СФНЦА РАН)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Veterinary Science of Siberia and the Far East</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>133</fpage><lpage>139</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Котенева С.В., Глотов А.Г., Глотова Т.И., Нефедченко А.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Котенева С.В., Глотов А.Г., Глотова Т.И., Нефедченко А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Koteneva S.V., Glotov A.G., Glotova T.I., Nefedchenko A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/911">https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/911</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Респираторно-синцитиальная инфекция крупного рогатого скота широко распространена во всех странах мира, в том числе и в Российской Федерации. Этиологический агент – Orthopneumovirus bovis, относящийся к семейству Pneumoviridae, роду Orthopneumovirus. Крупный рогатый скот – основной резервуар вируса.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Целью данного обзора литературы являлось обобщение и анализ опубликованных данных об особенностях клинического проявления, патогенеза и молекулярной эпизоотологии возбудителя респираторно-синцитиальной инфекции крупного рогатого скота.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Информационной базой для проведения исследования служили публикации из наиболее авторитетных отечественных  (eLIBRARY .RU) и иностранных (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed) источников, а также результаты собственных исследований, опубликованных в литературе.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Заболеванию подвержены животные всех возрастов, наиболее тяжело протекает инфекция у телят в возрасте до 6 месяцев. Заболеваемость поголовья составляет в среднем 60–80%. Характер течения инфекции варьирует от бессимптомного и легкого до тяжелого заболевания нижних дыхательных путей, включая эмфизему, отек легкого, интерстициальную пневмонию и бронхопневмонию, при этом уровень смертности среди телят может достигать 20%, а у взрослых животных чаще регистрируют субклиническую форму. Вирус оказывает мощное иммуномодулирующее действие. Тяжелые повреждения дыхательных путей опосредованы в основном гиперактивностью иммунного ответа, а не самой репликацией вируса. Вирус повышает восприимчивость телят к вторичным инфекциям и способствует колонизации нижних дыхательных путей бактериями. В настоящее время с помощью филогенетического анализа нуклеотидных последовательностей генов G и N выявлено десять генетических подгрупп вируса (I–X), между которыми существует географическая корреляция. В таких регионах, как Урал, Сибирь, а также в Республике Казахстан среди крупного рогатого скота циркулируют изоляты вируса генетических подгрупп II и III.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. В обзоре представлены актуальные данные об этиологии, особенностях патогенеза и клинического проявления респираторно-синцитиальной инфекции крупного рогатого скота, а также генетическом разнообразии возбудителя в мире, Российской Федерации и Республике Казахстан.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Bovine respiratory syncytial infection is widespread in all countries of the world, including the Russian Federation. The etiologic agent is Orthopneumovirus bovis, it belongs to the family Pneumoviridae, genus Orthopneumovirus. Cattle are the main reservoir of the virus.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. This literature review aims to summarize and give analysis of the published data on clinical manifestations, pathogenesis and molecular epidemiology of the causative agent of bovine respiratory syncytial infection.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study is based on publications from the most authoritative domestic (eLIBRARY.RU) and foreign (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed) sources, as well as the results of our own studies published in the literature.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Animals of all ages are susceptible to the disease, the infection is most severe in calves under 6 months of age. The incidence of the herd is on average 60–80%. The nature of the infection varies from asymptomatic and mild to severe lower respiratory tract disease, including emphysema, pulmonary edema, interstitial pneumonia and bronchopneumonia, while the mortality rate among calves can reach 20%, and in adult animals the subclinical form is more often recorded. The virus has a powerful immunomodulatory effect. Severe damage to the respiratory tract is mediated mainly by hyperactivity of the immune response, and not by the replication of the virus itself. The virus increases the susceptibility of calves to secondary infections and promotes colonization of the lower respiratory tract by bacteria. Currently, ten genetic subgroups of the virus (I–X) have been identified using phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the G and N genes, between which there is a geographical correlation. In regions such as the Urals, Siberia, and the Republic of Kazakhstan, isolates of the virus of genetic subgroups II and III circulate among cattle.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The review presents current data on the etiology, pathogenesis features and clinical manifestations of bovine respiratory syncytial infection, as well as the genetic diversity of the pathogen in the world, in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>обзор</kwd><kwd>респираторно-синцитиальная инфекция</kwd><kwd>BRSV</kwd><kwd>крупный рогатый скот</kwd><kwd>патогенез</kwd><kwd>молекулярная эпизоотология</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>review</kwd><kwd>respiratory syncytial infection</kwd><kwd>BRSV</kwd><kwd>cattle</kwd><kwd>pathogenesis</kwd><kwd>molecular epidemiology</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет бюджетных средств в рамках выполнения государственного задания № 0533-2021-0018 (СФНЦА РАН).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was funded from the budget as part of the fulfillment of state task No. 0533-2021-0018 (Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies, Russian Academy of Sciences).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarmiento-Silva R. E., Nakamura-Lopez Y., Vaughan G. Epidemiology, molecular epidemiology and evolution of bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Viruses. 2012; 4 (12): 3452–3467. https://doi.org/10.3390/v4123452</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarmiento-Silva R. E., Nakamura-Lopez Y., Vaughan G. Epidemiology, molecular epidemiology and evolution of bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Viruses. 2012; 4 (12): 3452–3467. https://doi.org/10.3390/v4123452</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klem T. B., Gulliksen S. M., Lie K.-I., Løken T., Østerås O., Stokstad M. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus: infection dynamics within and between herds. Veterinary Record. 2013; 173 (19):476. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.101936</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klem T. B., Gulliksen S. M., Lie K.-I., Løken T., Østerås O., Stokstad M. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus: infection dynamics within and between herds. Veterinary Record. 2013; 173 (19):476. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.101936</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gaudino M., Nagamine B., Ducatez M. F., Meyer G. Understanding the mechanisms of viral and bacterial coinfections in bovine respiratory disease: a comprehensive literature review of experimental evidence. Veterinary Research. 2022; 53 (1):70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-022-01086-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaudino M., Nagamine B., Ducatez M. F., Meyer G. Understanding the mechanisms of viral and bacterial coinfections in bovine respiratory disease: a comprehensive literature review of experimental evidence. Veterinary Research. 2022; 53 (1):70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-022-01086-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Актуальные инфекционные болезни крупного рогатого скота: руководство. Под ред. проф. Т. И. Алипера. М.: Сельскохозяйственные технологии; 2021. 832 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Current infectious diseases of cattle: A manual. Ed. by prof. Т. I. Aliper. Moscow: Sel’skokhozyaistvennye tekhnologii; 2021. 832 p. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walker P. J., Siddell S. G., Lefkowitz E. J., Mushegian A. R., Adriaenssens E. M., Alfenas-Zerbini P., et al. Recent changes to virus taxonomy ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2022). Archives of Virology. 2022; 167 (11): 2429–2440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-022-05516-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walker P. J., Siddell S. G., Lefkowitz E. J., Mushegian A. R., Adriaenssens E. M., Alfenas-Zerbini P., et al. Recent changes to virus taxonomy ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2022). Archives of Virology. 2022; 167 (11): 2429–2440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-022-05516-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Larsen L. E. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV): a review. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 2000; 41 (1): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03549652</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larsen L. E. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV): a review. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 2000; 41 (1): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03549652</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Valarcher J. F., Schelcher F., Bourhy H. Evolution of bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Journal of Virology. 2000; 74 (22): 10714–10728. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.22.10714-10728.2000</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valarcher J. F., Schelcher F., Bourhy H. Evolution of bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Journal of Virology. 2000; 74 (22): 10714–10728. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.22.10714-10728.2000</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nišavić J., Milić N., Radalj A., Stanojković A., Veljović L. Laboratory diagnostics of bovine parainfluenza-3 virus, bovine herpesvirus 1, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus associated with bovine respiratory disease. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry. 2021; 37 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.2298/BAH2101001N</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nišavić J., Milić N., Radalj A., Stanojković A., Veljović L. Laboratory diagnostics of bovine parainfluenza-3 virus, bovine herpesvirus 1, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus associated with bovine respiratory disease. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry. 2021; 37 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.2298/BAH2101001N</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Citterio C. V., Luzzago C., Sala M., Sironi G., Gatti P., Gaffuri A., Lanfranchi P. Serological study of a population of alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) affected by an outbreak of respiratory disease. Veterinary Record. 2003; 153 (19): 592–596. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.153.19.592</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Citterio C. V., Luzzago C., Sala M., Sironi G., Gatti P., Gaffuri A., Lanfranchi P. Serological study of a population of alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) affected by an outbreak of respiratory disease. Veterinary Record. 2003; 153 (19): 592–596. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.153.19.592</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мищенко В. А., Думова В. В., Киселев М. Ю., Мищенко А. В. Изучение распространения вируса респираторно-синцитиальной инфекции крупного рогатого скота у жвачных животных. Ветеринарна медицина. 2011; 95: 169–170. https://elibrary.ru/smuknb</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mischenko V. A., Dumova V. V., Kiselyov M. Yu., Mischenko A. V. Study of distribution of respiratory syncytial virus of cattle in ruminants. Veterinary Medicine. 2011; 95: 169–170. https://elibrary.ru/smuknb (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urban-Chmiel R., Wernicki A., Stęgierska D., Marczuk J., Rola J., Socha W., Valverde Piedra J. L. Detection of BHV-1 and BRSV viruses in European bison in the Białowieża forest: a preliminary study. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2017; 45 (1): 170–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2015.1124335</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urban-Chmiel R., Wernicki A., Stęgierska D., Marczuk J., Rola J., Socha W., Valverde Piedra J. L. Detection of BHV-1 and BRSV viruses in European bison in the Białowieża forest: a preliminary study. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2017; 45 (1): 170–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2015.1124335</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang Y., Yue H., Tang C. Prevalence and molecular characteristics of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in beef cattle in China. Animals. 2022; 12 (24):3511. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12243511</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang Y., Yue H., Tang C. Prevalence and molecular characteristics of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in beef cattle in China. Animals. 2022; 12 (24):3511. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12243511</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brito B. P., Frost M. J., Anantanawat K., Jaya F., Batterham T., Djordjevic S. P., et al. Expanding the range of the respiratory infectome in Australian feedlot cattle with and without respiratory disease using metatranscriptomics. Microbiome. 2023; 11 (1):158. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-02301591-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brito B. P., Frost M. J., Anantanawat K., Jaya F., Batterham T., Djordjevic S. P., et al. Expanding the range of the respiratory infectome in Australian feedlot cattle with and without respiratory disease using metatranscriptomics. Microbiome. 2023; 11 (1):158. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-02301591-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aydin O., Yilmaz A., Turan N., Richt J. A., Yilmaz H. Molecular characterisation and antibody response to bovine respiratory syncytial virus in vaccinated and infected cattle in Turkey. Pathogens. 2024; 13 (4):304. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13040304</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aydin O., Yilmaz A., Turan N., Richt J. A., Yilmaz H. Molecular characterisation and antibody response to bovine respiratory syncytial virus in vaccinated and infected cattle in Turkey. Pathogens. 2024; 13 (4):304. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13040304</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ohlson A., Heuer C., Lockhart C., Tråvén M., Emanuelson U., Alenius S. Risk factors for seropositivity to bovine coronavirus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus in dairy herds. Veterinary Record. 2010; 167 (6): 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.c4119</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ohlson A., Heuer C., Lockhart C., Tråvén M., Emanuelson U., Alenius S. Risk factors for seropositivity to bovine coronavirus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus in dairy herds. Veterinary Record. 2010; 167 (6): 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.c4119</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гуненков В. В., Халенев Г. А., Сюрин В. Н. Респираторно-синцитиальная вирусная инфекция. Животноводство и ветеринария. 1975; (8): 70–76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gunenkov V. V., Khalenev G. A., Syurin V. N. Respiratorno-sintsitial’naya virusnaya infektsiya = Respiratory syncytial virus infection. Zhivotnovodstvo i veterinariya. 1975; (8): 70–76. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Строганова И. Я. Респираторно-синцитиальная инфекция у крупного рогатого скота. БИО. 2019; (7): 14–15. https://elibrary.ru/bndnuy</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stroganova I. Ya. Respiratorno-sintsitial’naya infektsiya u krupnogo rogatogo skota = Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in cattle. BIO. 2019; (7): 14–15. https://elibrary.ru/bndnuy (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глотов А. Г., Глотова Т. И., Котенева С. В., Нефедченко А. В., Войтова К. В. Эпизоотическая ситуация по респираторно-синцитиальной инфекции крупного рогатого скота в хозяйствах по производству молока. Ветеринария. 2010; (7): 21–25. https://elibrary.ru/msrezd</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glotov A. G., Glotova T. I., Koteneva S. V., Nefedchenko A. V., Voitova K. V. Features of epidemiological situation on bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection (BRSV) in dairy farms. Veterinariya. 2010; (7): 21–25. https://elibrary.ru/msrezd (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глотов А. Г., Южаков А. Г., Глотова Т. И., Нефедченко А. В., Котенева С. В., Комина А. К., Жукова Е. В. Частота выявления от больных животных и генетический полиморфизм сибирских изолятов респираторно-синцитиального вируса крупного рогатого скота (Pneumoviridae: Orthopneumovirus; BRSV), выявленных на территориях Уральского и Сибирского федеральных округов РФ и Республики Казахстан. Вопросы вирусологии. 2024; 69 (1): 76–87. https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-216</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glotov A. G., Yuzhakov A. G., Glotova T. I., Nefedchenko A. V., Koteneva S. V., Komina A. K., Zhukova E. V. Occurrence in sick animals and genetic heterogeneity of Siberian isolates of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (Pneumoviridae: Orthopneumovirus; BRSV) identified in the territories of the Ural, Siberian Federal District and the Republic of Kazakhstan. Problems of Virology. 2024; 69 (1): 76–87. https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-216 (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Valarcher J.-F., Taylor G. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection. Veterinary Research. 2007; 38 (2): 153–180. https://doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2006053</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valarcher J.-F., Taylor G. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection. Veterinary Research. 2007; 38 (2): 153–180. https://doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2006053</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Valentova V. The antigenic and genetic variability of bovine respiratory syncytial virus with emphasis on the G protein. Veterinární Medicína. 2003; 48 (9): 254–266. https://doi.org/10.17221/5778-VETMED</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valentova V. The antigenic and genetic variability of bovine respiratory syncytial virus with emphasis on the G protein. Veterinární Medicína. 2003; 48 (9): 254–266. https://doi.org/10.17221/5778-VETMED</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van der Poel W. H. M., Brand A., Kramps J. A., Van Oirschot J. T. Respiratory syncytial virus infections in human beings and in cattle. Journal of Infectious. 1994; 29 (2): 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0163-4453(94)90866-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van der Poel W. H. M., Brand A., Kramps J. A., Van Oirschot J. T. Respiratory syncytial virus infections in human beings and in cattle. Journal of Infectious. 1994; 29 (2): 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0163-4453(94)90866-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Werid G. M., Wubshet A. K., Araya T. T., Miller D., Hemmatzadeh F., Reichel M. P., Petrovski K. Detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in cattle: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ruminants. 2024; 4 (4): 491–514. https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants4040035</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Werid G. M., Wubshet A. K., Araya T. T., Miller D., Hemmatzadeh F., Reichel M. P., Petrovski K. Detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in cattle: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ruminants. 2024; 4 (4): 491–514. https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants4040035</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baker J. C., Ames T. R., Werdin R. E. Seroepizootiologic study of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in a beef herd. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1986; 47 (2): 246–253. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3954199</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baker J. C., Ames T. R., Werdin R. E. Seroepizootiologic study of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in a beef herd. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1986; 47 (2): 246–253. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3954199</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Da Silva Barcelos L., Ford A. K., Frühauf M. I., Botton N. Y., Fischer G., Maggioli M. F. Interactions between bovine respiratory syncytial virus and cattle: aspects of pathogenesis and immunity. Viruses. 2024; 16 (11):1753. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16111753</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Da Silva Barcelos L., Ford A. K., Frühauf M. I., Botton N. Y., Fischer G., Maggioli M. F. Interactions between bovine respiratory syncytial virus and cattle: aspects of pathogenesis and immunity. Viruses. 2024; 16 (11):1753. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16111753</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumagai A., Kawauchi K., Andoh K., Hatama S. Sequence and unique phylogeny of G genes of bovine respiratory syncytial viruses circulating in Japan. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2021; 33 (1): 162–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638720975364</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumagai A., Kawauchi K., Andoh K., Hatama S. Sequence and unique phylogeny of G genes of bovine respiratory syncytial viruses circulating in Japan. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2021; 33 (1): 162–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638720975364</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fuentes S., Tran K. C., Luthra P., Teng M. N., He B. Function of the respiratory syncytial virus small hydrophobic protein. Journal of Virology. 2007; 81 (15): 8361–8366. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02717-06</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fuentes S., Tran K. C., Luthra P., Teng M. N., He B. Function of the respiratory syncytial virus small hydrophobic protein. Journal of Virology. 2007; 81 (15): 8361–8366. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02717-06</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Espinoza J. A., Bohmwald K., Céspedes P. F., Riedel C. A., Bueno S. M., Kalergis A. M. Modulation of host adaptive immunity by hRSV proteins. Virulence. 2014; 5 (7): 740–751. https://doi.org/10.4161/viru.32225</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Espinoza J. A., Bohmwald K., Céspedes P. F., Riedel C. A., Bueno S. M., Kalergis A. M. Modulation of host adaptive immunity by hRSV proteins. Virulence. 2014; 5 (7): 740–751. https://doi.org/10.4161/viru.32225</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krešic N., Bedeković T., Brnić D., Šimić I., Lojkić I., Turk N. Genetic analysis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in Croatia. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2018; 58: 52–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2018.09.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krešic N., Bedeković T., Brnić D., Šimić I., Lojkić I., Turk N. Genetic analysis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in Croatia. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2018; 58: 52–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2018.09.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piedimonte G., Perez М. К. Respiratory syncytial virus infection and bronchiolitis. Pediatrics in Review. 2014; 35 (12): 519–530. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.35-12-519</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piedimonte G., Perez М. К. Respiratory syncytial virus infection and bronchiolitis. Pediatrics in Review. 2014; 35 (12): 519–530. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.35-12-519</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piedimonte G. RSV infections: State of the art. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 2015; 82 (11, Suppl. 1): S13–S18. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.82.s1.03</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piedimonte G. RSV infections: State of the art. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 2015; 82 (11, Suppl. 1): S13–S18. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.82.s1.03</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Persson B. D., Jaffe A. B., Fearns R., Danahay H. Respiratory syncytial virus can infect basal cells and alter human airway epithelial differentiation. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9 (7):e102368. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102368</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Persson B. D., Jaffe A. B., Fearns R., Danahay H. Respiratory syncytial virus can infect basal cells and alter human airway epithelial differentiation. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9 (7):e102368. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102368</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shang Z., Tan S., Ma D. Respiratory syncytial virus: from pathogenesis to potential therapeutic strategies. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021; 17 (14): 4073–4091. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.64762</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shang Z., Tan S., Ma D. Respiratory syncytial virus: from pathogenesis to potential therapeutic strategies. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021; 17 (14): 4073–4091. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.64762</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gershwin L. J. Immunology of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection of cattle. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2012; 35 (3): 253–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2012.01.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gershwin L. J. Immunology of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection of cattle. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2012; 35 (3): 253–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2012.01.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ozkanlar Y., Aktaş M. S., Kaynar O., Ozkanlar S., Kirecci E., Yildiz L. Bovine respiratory disease in naturally infected calves: clinical signs, blood gases and cytokine response. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire. 2012; 163 (3): 123–130. http://www.revmedvet.com/2012/RMV163_123_130.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ozkanlar Y., Aktaş M. S., Kaynar O., Ozkanlar S., Kirecci E., Yildiz L. Bovine respiratory disease in naturally infected calves: clinical signs, blood gases and cytokine response. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire. 2012; 163 (3): 123–130. http://www.revmedvet.com/2012/RMV163_123_130.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McGill J. L., Rusk R. A., Guerra-Maupome M., Briggs R. E., Sacco R. E. Bovine gamma delta T cells contribute to exacerbated IL-17 production in response to co-infection with bovine RSV and Mannheimia haemolytica. PLoS ONE. 2016; 11 (3):e0151083. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151083</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McGill J. L., Rusk R. A., Guerra-Maupome M., Briggs R. E., Sacco R. E. Bovine gamma delta T cells contribute to exacerbated IL-17 production in response to co-infection with bovine RSV and Mannheimia haemolytica. PLoS ONE. 2016; 11 (3):e0151083. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151083</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brodersen B. W. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 2010; 26 (2): 323–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.04.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brodersen B. W. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 2010; 26 (2): 323–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.04.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agnes J. T., Zekarias B., Shao M., Anderson M. L., Gershwin L. J., Corbeil L. B. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus and Histophilus somni interaction at the alveolar barrier. Infection and Immunity. 2013; 81 (7): 2592–2597. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00108-13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agnes J. T., Zekarias B., Shao M., Anderson M. L., Gershwin L. J., Corbeil L. B. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus and Histophilus somni interaction at the alveolar barrier. Infection and Immunity. 2013; 81 (7): 2592–2597. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00108-13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hendaus M. A., Jomha F. A., Alhammadi A. H. Virus-induced secondary bacterial infection: a concise review. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 2015; 11: 1265–1271. https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S87789</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hendaus M. A., Jomha F. A., Alhammadi A. H. Virus-induced secondary bacterial infection: a concise review. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 2015; 11: 1265–1271. https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S87789</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Headley S. A., Balbo L. C., Alfieri A. F., Saut J. P. E., Baptista A. L., Alfieri A. A. Bovine respiratory disease associated with Histophilus somni and bovine respiratory syncytial virus in a beef cattle feedlot from Southeastern Brazil. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina. 2017; 38 (1): 283–294. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n1p283</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Headley S. A., Balbo L. C., Alfieri A. F., Saut J. P. E., Baptista A. L., Alfieri A. A. Bovine respiratory disease associated with Histophilus somni and bovine respiratory syncytial virus in a beef cattle feedlot from Southeastern Brazil. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina. 2017; 38 (1): 283–294. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n1p283</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sudaryatma P. E., Mekata H., Kubo M., Subangkit M., Goto Y., Okabayashi T. Co-infection of epithelial cells established from the upper and lower bovine respiratory tract with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bacteria. Veterinary Microbiology. 2019; 235: 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sudaryatma P. E., Mekata H., Kubo M., Subangkit M., Goto Y., Okabayashi T. Co-infection of epithelial cells established from the upper and lower bovine respiratory tract with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bacteria. Veterinary Microbiology. 2019; 235: 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sudaryatma P. E., Saito A., Mekata H., Kubo M., Fahkrajang W., Mazimpaka E., Okabayashi T. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus enhances the adherence of Pasteurella multocida to bovine lower respiratory tract epithelial cells by upregulating the platelet-activating factor receptor. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020; 11:1676. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01676</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sudaryatma P. E., Saito A., Mekata H., Kubo M., Fahkrajang W., Mazimpaka E., Okabayashi T. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus enhances the adherence of Pasteurella multocida to bovine lower respiratory tract epithelial cells by upregulating the platelet-activating factor receptor. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020; 11:1676. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01676</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yamamoto S., Okumura S., Kоbayashi R., Maeda Y., Takahashi F., Tanabe T. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus enhances the attachment of Trueperella pyogenes to cells. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2024; 86 (10): 1068–1075. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.24-0068</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamamoto S., Okumura S., Kоbayashi R., Maeda Y., Takahashi F., Tanabe T. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus enhances the attachment of Trueperella pyogenes to cells. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2024; 86 (10): 1068–1075. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.24-0068</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belknap E. B., Ciszewski D. K., Baker J. C. Experimental respiratory syncytial virus infection in calves and lambs. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 1995; 7 (2): 285–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063879500700226</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belknap E. B., Ciszewski D. K., Baker J. C. Experimental respiratory syncytial virus infection in calves and lambs. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 1995; 7 (2): 285–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063879500700226</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sacco R. E., McGill J. L., Pillatzki A. E., Palmer M. V., Ackermann M. R. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in cattle. Veterinary Pathology. 2014; 51 (2): 427–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985813501341</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sacco R. E., McGill J. L., Pillatzki A. E., Palmer M. V., Ackermann M. R. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in cattle. Veterinary Pathology. 2014; 51 (2): 427–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985813501341</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bertolotti L., Giammarioli M., Rosati S. Genetic characterization of bovine respiratory syncytial virus strains isolated in Italy: evidence for the circulation of new divergent clades. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2018; 30 (2): 300–304. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638717746202</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bertolotti L., Giammarioli M., Rosati S. Genetic characterization of bovine respiratory syncytial virus strains isolated in Italy: evidence for the circulation of new divergent clades. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2018; 30 (2): 300–304. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638717746202</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Larsen L. E., Tjørnehøj K., Viuff B. Extensive sequence divergence among bovine respiratory syncytial viruses isolated during recurrent outbreaks in closed herds. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000; 38 (11): 4222–4227. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.11.4222-4227.2000</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larsen L. E., Tjørnehøj K., Viuff B. Extensive sequence divergence among bovine respiratory syncytial viruses isolated during recurrent outbreaks in closed herds. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000; 38 (11): 4222–4227. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.11.4222-4227.2000</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stott E. J., Taylor G. Respiratory syncytial virus: brief review. Archives of Virology. 1985; 84: 1–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01310552</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stott E. J., Taylor G. Respiratory syncytial virus: brief review. Archives of Virology. 1985; 84: 1–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01310552</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Valentova V., Antonis A., Kovarcik K. Restriction enzyme analysis of RT-PCR amplicons as a rapid method for detection of genetic diversity among bovine respiratory syncytial virus isolates. Veterinary Microbiology. 2005; 108 (1–2): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.02.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valentova V., Antonis A., Kovarcik K. Restriction enzyme analysis of RT-PCR amplicons as a rapid method for detection of genetic diversity among bovine respiratory syncytial virus isolates. Veterinary Microbiology. 2005; 108 (1–2): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.02.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ince Ö. B., Şevik M., Özgür E. G., Sait A. Risk factors and genetic characterization of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in the inner Aegean Region, Turkey. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2022; 54 (1):4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-03022-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ince Ö. B., Şevik M., Özgür E. G., Sait A. Risk factors and genetic characterization of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in the inner Aegean Region, Turkey. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2022; 54 (1):4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-03022-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leme R. A., Dall Agnol A. M., Balbo L. C., Pereira F. L., Possatti F., Alfieri A. F., Alfieri A. A. Molecular characterization of Brazilian wild-type strains of bovine respiratory syncytial virus reveals genetic diversity and a putative new subgroup of the virus. Veterinary Quarterly. 2020; 40 (1): 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2020.1733704</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leme R. A., Dall Agnol A. M., Balbo L. C., Pereira F. L., Possatti F., Alfieri A. F., Alfieri A. A. Molecular characterization of Brazilian wild-type strains of bovine respiratory syncytial virus reveals genetic diversity and a putative new subgroup of the virus. Veterinary Quarterly. 2020; 40 (1): 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2020.1733704</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
