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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">veterinary</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ветеринария сегодня</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Veterinary Science Today</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2304-196X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6959</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"Veinard"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29326/2304-196X-2025-14-2-114-122</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">veterinary-908</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ | БОЛЕЗНИ СВИНЕЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS | PORCINE DISEASES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современные подходы к диагностике и профилактике репродуктивно-респираторного синдрома свиней (обзор)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modern approaches to diagnosis and prevention of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome  (review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0105-7171</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Николаева</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikolaeva</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Николаева Юлия Александровна, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории вирусных антропозоонозов,</p><p>Научный городок-2, г. Казань, 420075, Республика Татарстан.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia A. Nikolaeva, Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Viral Anthropozoonoses, </p><p>Nauchnyi gorodok-2, Kazan 420075, Republic of Tatarstan.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yulia.nikolaeva111@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Федеральный центр токсикологической, радиационной и биологической безопасности» (ФГБНУ «ФЦТРБ-ВНИВИ»)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>114</fpage><lpage>122</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Николаева Ю.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Николаева Ю.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nikolaeva Y.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/908">https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/908</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Репродуктивно-респираторный синдром свиней (РРСС), вызываемый вирусом из семейства Arteriviridae, является одной из наиболее экономически значимых болезней свиней во многих странах мира. Основные проявления заболевания включают репродуктивную дисфункцию у свиноматок, которая проявляется абортами на поздних сроках беременности, ранними или отсроченными опоросами, рождением слабых или нежизнеспособных поросят, нерегулярным эструсом; реже сообщается о патологиях на ранних и средних сроках беременности. У поросят и откормочных свиней наблюдается респираторный дистресс-синдром: кашель, чихание, одышка, задержка роста. Кроме того, заражение вирусом РРСС приводит к снижению респираторного иммунитета, что делает инфицированных свиней более восприимчивыми к вторичным инфекциям и повышает смертность среди поголовья. В настоящем обзоре представлена актуальная информация о текущем состоянии лабораторной диагностики и специфической профилактики РРСС, а также рассмотрены перспективные биотехнологические платформы для конструирования вакцин нового поколения.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Рассмотреть и обобщить современные подходы к диагностике и профилактике репродуктивно-респираторного синдрома свиней.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Материалом для аналитического исследования послужили научные публикации зарубежных и отечественных авторов.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Приведена нозологическая характеристика заболевания, рассмотрены особенности клинических проявлений, эпизоотологии, организации генома возбудителя. Описаны и обсуждены применяемые в ветеринарной практике классические и современные методы лабораторной диагностики, а также коммерчески доступные препараты для специфической профилактики РРСС и перспективные биотехнологические платформы для создания вакцин нового поколения, которые позволят достичь оптимального баланса между безопасностью и эффективностью. На текущем этапе изучения патогенеза РРСС существуют три основные проблемы в разработке вакцин: недостаточность сведений о механизмах иммунной защиты, способность вируса индуцировать негативные регуляторные сигналы для иммунной системы и значительная антигенная изменчивость возбудителя.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Штаммы вируса РРСС демонстрируют значительную генетическую и антигенную гетерогенность и часто подвергаются рекомбинациям, что усугубляет проблемы эпизоотологии, профилактики и контроля заболевания. Дальнейшее углубленное изучение особенностей иммунного ответа организма-хозяина, а также идентификация Т- и B-клеточных эпитопов в структуре возбудителя позволит обеспечить рациональный дизайн геннои-нженерных вакцин.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), caused by a virus from the family Arteriviridae, is one of the most economically significant porcine diseases in many countries. The disease is mainly manifested by reproductive disorders in sows, i.e. abortions in late pregnancy, early or delayed farrowing, birth of weak or non-viable piglets, irregular estrus; pathologies in early and middle pregnancy are less often reported. Piglets and fattening pigs have respiratory distress syndrome: coughing, sneezing, dyspnea and stunted growth. In addition, infection with PRRS virus undermines respiratory immunity, which makes the infected pigs more susceptible to secondary infections and increases mortality in the herd. This review provides up-to-date information on the current laboratory diagnostic tools and recent data on specific PRRS prevention and gives information on the promising biotechnological platforms that can be used to design new-generation vaccines.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To consider and summarize modern approaches to diagnosis and prevention of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Scientific publications of foreign and domestic authors served as the material for the research.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The paper presents nosological characteristics of the disease, explores distinctive features of its clinical manifestations and epizootiology; analyzes structure of the pathogen’s genome. This review describes and evaluates laboratory diagnostic techniques (both conventional and modern); currently available anti-PRRS vaccines and novel biotech platforms enabling to design safer and more effective next-generation vaccines. There are three major challenges in vaccine development at the current stage of PRRS pathogenesis research: insufficient understanding of immune protection mechanisms, the virus’s ability to induce negative regulatory signals for the immune system, and the pathogen’s high antigenic variability.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. PRRS virus strains exhibit significant genetic and antigenic heterogeneity and frequently undergo recombination, which exacerbates the challenges of epizootiology, disease prevention, and control. Further in-depth study of host immune response characteristics, along with identification of T- and B-cell epitopes in the pathogen structure, will enable rational design of genetically engineered vaccines.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>обзор</kwd><kwd>репродуктивно-респираторный синдром свиней</kwd><kwd>эпизоотология</kwd><kwd>вакцинация</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>review</kwd><kwd>porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome</kwd><kwd>epizootiology</kwd><kwd>vaccination</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках госзадания ФГБНУ «ФЦТРБ-ВНИВИ» на 2025–2026 гг. по теме 4.2.5 «Разработка технологических подходов к производству современных вакцин против вирусных и бактериальных инфекций животных».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was conducted as part of a state-funded research program of the Federal Сenter for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety for 2025–2026 on topic 4.2.5 “Development of technological approaches for production of modern vaccines against viral and bacterial infections in animals”.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глазунова А. 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