<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">veterinary</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ветеринария сегодня</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Veterinary Science Today</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2304-196X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6959</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"Veinard"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29326/2304-196X-2025-14-1-69-75</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">veterinary-895</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ | КОРОНАВИРУСНАЯ ИНФЕКЦИЯ (COVID-19)</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES | CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19)</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Получение рекомбинантного нуклеокапсидного белка SARS-CoV-2</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Preparation of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9211-9110</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яковлева</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakovleva</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Яковлева Анастасия Сергеевна, канд. биол. наук, старший научный сотрудник референтной лаборатории по особо опасным болезням</p><p>мкр. Юрьевец, г. Владимир, 600901</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia S. Yakovleva, Cand. Sci. (Biology), Senior Researcher, Reference Laboratory for Highly Dangerous Diseases</p><p>Yur’evets, Vladimir 600901</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yakovleva_as@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2464-8183</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каньшина</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kanshina</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Каньшина Анжелика Владимировна, канд. вет. наук, старший научный сотрудник референтной лаборатории по особо опасным болезням</p><p>мкр. Юрьевец, г. Владимир, 600901</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anzhelika V. Kanshina, Cand. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Senior Researcher, Reference Laboratory for Highly Dangerous Diseases</p><p>Yur’evets, Vladimir 600901</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kanshina@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0109-3507</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимина</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Timina</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тимина Анна Михайловна, канд. вет. наук, старший научный сотрудник референтной лаборатории по особо опасным болезням</p><p>мкр. Юрьевец, г. Владимир, 600901</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna M. Timina, Cand. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Senior Researcher, Reference Laboratory for Highly Dangerous Diseases</p><p>Yur’evets, Vladimir 600901</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">timina@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Федеральный центр охраны здоровья животных» (ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ»)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Centre for Animal Health</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>69</fpage><lpage>75</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Яковлева А.С., Каньшина А.В., Тимина А.М., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Яковлева А.С., Каньшина А.В., Тимина А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yakovleva A.S., Kanshina A.V., Timina A.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/895">https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/895</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Возбудитель новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19) SARS-CoV-2 получил широкое распространение в мире, став причиной пандемии, которая началась в 2019 г. Вирус является зооантропонозным инфекционным агентом, вызывает инфекцию как у человека, так и у многих видов млекопитающих. К настоящему времени имеются сообщения о выявлении SARS-CoV-2 у домашних животных, а также у представителей дикой фауны. Кроме того, проведены исследования по успешному экспериментальному заражению некоторых видов животных. Имеются также доказательства того, что инфицированные особи могут передавать вирус другим животным в естественных условиях при контакте, в том числе между разными видами. В настоящее время ряд исследователей опасается, что SARS-CoV-2 распространится на виды млекопитающих в дикой природе, которые станут природным резервуаром, что может быть причиной вспышек инфекции в популяции людей. При этом воздействие вируса на потенциально восприимчивые виды животных дикой природы, в том числе исчезающие, в настоящее время до конца не изучено. В связи с этим необходимо проводить исследования по изучению распространения данной инфекции среди животных дикой фауны. Для этого требуются высокочувствительные и специфичные диагностические методы. Иммуноферментный анализ с применением в качестве антигена нуклеокапсидного белка SARS-CoV-2 может быть использован для серологического надзора за новой коронавирусной инфекцией среди животных. Применение в качестве антигена рекомбинантного белка является наиболее предпочтительным с точки зрения безопасности.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Получение рекомбинантного нуклеокапсидного белка SARS-CoV-2 в высокой концентрации и проверка его антигенной активности и специфичности.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В работе использовали: SARS-CoV-2, плазмиду pQE, штамм Escherichia coli JM109; осуществляли обратную транскрипцию и полимеразную цепную реакцию, молекулярное клонирование, синтез рекомбинантного белка, очистку рекомбинантного белка, применяли непрямой вариант иммуноферментного анализа.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Выполнено молекулярное клонирование N-гена SARS-CoV-2 с использованием прокариотической системы экспрессии. Получены клоны Escherichia coli, продуцирующие рекомбинантный нуклеокапсидный белок SARS-CoV-2 размером 33 кДа. Определены оптимальные условия экспрессии и очистки, обеспечивающие получение препарата антигена в высокой концентрации. Показано, что оптимальной концентрацией индуктора является 0,5 мМ, оптимальный период экспрессии – 4 ч. В результате исследования оптимальных условий очистки рекомбинантного антигена в качестве денатурирующего агента определена мочевина в концентрации 8 М, подобрана оптимальная концентрация имидазола – 0,4 М в элюирующем буфере. Использование оптимальной схемы экспрессии и очистки позволило получить 1,5 мг очищенного антигена с 100 мл культуры Escherichia coli. Показана высокая антигенная активность и специфичность рекомбинантного белка в непрямом варианте иммуноферментного анализа.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Получение рекомбинантного нуклеокапсидного белка SARS-CoV-2 в высокой концентрации позволит в перспективе использовать его в качестве антигена при разработке иммуноферментной тест-системы для выявления антител к нуклеокапсидному белку SARS-CoV-2 в сыворотках крови животных.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) agent SARS-CoV-2 has become widespread in the world and has caused the pandemic that started in 2019. The virus is a zooanthroponotic infectious agent that causes infection in humans as well as in many mammal species. To date, SARS-CoV-2 has been reported both in domestic and in wild animals. Moreover, successful experimental infection of certain animal species was reported during the studies. There is also the evidence that infected animals can transmit the virus to other animals in natural settings through contactincluding virus transmission between animals of different species. Currently, some researchers fear that SARS-CoV-2 may spread to mammalian species in the wild that will become a natural reservoir responsible for this infection outbreaks in humans. Furthermore, the virus effect on potentially susceptible wild animal species, including endangered animal species, is currently not fully understood. Therefore, the infection spread in wild animals requires further study. This requires highly sensitive and specific diagnostic methods. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein as an antigen can be used for serological surveillance of the new coronavirus infection in animals. Recombinant protein used as an antigen is the most preferable because of its safety.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. The study was aimed at preparing highly concentrated recombinant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and testing it for antigenic activity and specificity.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The following was used for the study: SARS-CoV-2, pQE plasmid, Escherichia coli JM109 strain. The following was performed: reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction, molecular cloning, recombinant protein synthesis, recombinant protein purification, indirect ELISA was used.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Molecular cloning of SARS-CoV-2 N-gene was carried out using prokaryotic expression system. Escherichia coli clones producing 33 kDa recombinant SARSCoV-2 nucleocapsid protein were prepared. Optimal expression and purification conditions for highly concentrated antigen preparation were determined. It was shown that optimal inducer concentration was 0.5 mМ, optimal expression period was 4 hours. Urea at a concentration of 8 M as a denaturing agent and optimal imidazole concentration of 0.4 M in the elution buffer were selected based on the results of study of optimal conditions for recombinant antigen purification. Use of the optimal expression and purification procedure allowed us to prepare 1.5 mg of purified antigen from 100 mL of Escherichia coli culture. The recombinant protein demonstrated its high antigenic activity and specificity when tested with indirect ELISA.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Preparation of highly concentrated recombinant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein enables its further use as an antigen for ELISA test system for detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in animal sera.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>коронавирус</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>нуклеокапсидный белок</kwd><kwd>иммуноферментный анализ</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>coronavirus</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>nucleocapsid protein</kwd><kwd>enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках тематики государственной научно-исследовательской работы «Экспериментальные разработки методик, диагностических тест-систем» (2023 г.).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was performed within the governmental research activities “Experimental development of methods and diagnostic test systems” (2023).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карта коронавируса COVID-19 онлайн. https://coronavirusmonitor.info</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">On-line coronavirus COVID-19 map. https://coronavirus-monitor.info (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mahdy M. A. A., Younis W., Ewaida Z. An overview of SARS-CoV-2 and animal infection. Frontiersin Veterinary Science. 2020; 7:596391. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.596391</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mahdy M. A. A., Younis W., Ewaida Z. An overview of SARS-CoV-2 and animal infection. Frontiersin Veterinary Science. 2020; 7:596391. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.596391</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Enserink M. Coronavirus rips through Dutch mink farms, triggering culls. Science. 2020; 368 (6496):1169. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.368.6496.1169</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Enserink M. Coronavirus rips through Dutch mink farms, triggering culls. Science. 2020; 368 (6496):1169. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.368.6496.1169</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McAloose D., Laverac M., Wang L., Killian M. L., Caserta L. C., YuanF., et al. Frompeople toPanthera: Natural SARS-CoV-2 infectionintigers and lions at the Bronx Zoo. mBio. 2020; 11 (5):e02220-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02220-20</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McAloose D., Laverac M., Wang L., Killian M. L., Caserta L. C., YuanF., et al. Frompeople toPanthera: Natural SARS-CoV-2 infectionintigers and lions at the Bronx Zoo. mBio. 2020; 11 (5):e02220-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02220-20</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oreshkova N., Molenaar R. J., Vreman S., Harders F., Oude Munnink B. B., Hakze-van der Honing R. W., et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks, the Netherlands, April and May 2020. Eurosurveillance. 2020; 25 (23):2001005. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.23.2001005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oreshkova N., Molenaar R. J., Vreman S., Harders F., Oude Munnink B. B., Hakze-van der Honing R. W., et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks, the Netherlands, April and May 2020. Eurosurveillance. 2020; 25 (23):2001005. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.23.2001005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sailleau C., Dumarest M., Vanhomwegen J., Delaplace M., Caro V., Kwasiborski A., et al. First detection and genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in an infected cat in France. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2020; 67 (6): 2324–2328. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13659</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sailleau C., Dumarest M., Vanhomwegen J., Delaplace M., Caro V., Kwasiborski A., et al. First detection and genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in an infected cat in France. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2020; 67 (6): 2324–2328. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13659</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Freuling C. M., Breithaupt A., MüllerT., SehlJ., Balkema-Buschmann A., Rissmann M., et al. Susceptibility of raccoon dogs for experimental SARSCoV-2 infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2020; 26 (12): 2982–2985. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2612.203733</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Freuling C. M., Breithaupt A., Müller T., Sehl J., Balkema-Buschmann A., Rissmann M., et al. Susceptibility of raccoon dogs for experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2020; 26 (12): 2982–2985. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2612.203733</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sit T. H. C., Brackman C. J., Ip S. M., Tam K. W. S., Law P. Y. T., To E. M. W., et al. Infection of dogs with SARS-CoV-2. Nature. 2020; 586: 776–778. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2334-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sit T. H. C., Brackman C. J., Ip S. M., Tam K. W. S., Law P. Y. T., To E. M. W., et al. Infection of dogs with SARS-CoV-2. Nature. 2020; 586: 776–778. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2334-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schlottau K., Rissmann M., Graaf A., Schön J., SehlJ., Wylezich C., et al. SARS-CoV-2 in fruit bats, ferrets, pigs, and chickens: an experimental transmission study. The Lancet Microbe. 2020; 1 (5): e218–e225. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30089-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schlottau K., Rissmann M., Graaf A., Schön J., SehlJ., Wylezich C., et al. SARS-CoV-2 in fruit bats, ferrets, pigs, and chickens: an experimental transmission study. The Lancet Microbe. 2020; 1 (5): e218–e225. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30089-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hobbs E. С., Reid T. J. Animals and SARS-CoV-2: Species susceptibility and viral transmission in experimental and natural conditions, and the potential implications for community transmission. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; 68 (4): 1850–1867. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13885</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hobbs E. С., Reid T. J. Animals and SARS-CoV-2: Species susceptibility and viral transmission in experimental and natural conditions, and the potential implications for community transmission. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; 68 (4): 1850–1867. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13885</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Макеева Ю. О выявлении SARS-CoV-2 у животных заявили в ВОЗЖ 35 стран. Ветеринария и жизнь. 28 декабря 2022 г. https://vetandlife.ru/sobytiya/o-vyyavlenii-sars-cov-2-u-zhivotnyh-zayavili-v-vozzh-35-stran</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makeeva Yu. Thirty-five WOAH member countries reported SARSCoV-2 in animals. Veterinary Medicine and Life. December 28, 2022. https:// vetandlife.ru/sobytiya/o-vyyavlenii-sars-cov-2-u-zhivotnyh-zayaviliv-vozzh-35-stran (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW), Nielsen S. S., Alvarez J., Bicout D. J., Calistri P., Canali E., et al. SARS-CoV-2 in animals: susceptibility of animal species, risk for animal and public health, monitoring, prevention and control. EFSA Journal. 2023; 21 (2):e07822. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7822</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW), Nielsen S. S., Alvarez J., Bicout D. J., Calistri P., Canali E., et al. SARS-CoV-2 in animals: susceptibility of animal species, risk for animal and public health, monitoring, prevention and control. EFSA Journal. 2023; 21 (2):e07822. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7822</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fang R., Yang X., Guo Y., Peng B., Dong R., Li S., Xu S. SARSCoV-2 infection in animals: Patterns, transmission routes, and drivers. Eco-Environment &amp; Health. 2024; 3 (1): 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eehl.2023.09.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fang R., Yang X., Guo Y., Peng B., Dong R., Li S., Xu S. SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals: Patterns, transmission routes, and drivers. EcoEnvironment &amp; Health. 2024; 3 (1): 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eehl.2023.09.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mastutik G., Rohman A., I’tishom R., Ruiz-Arrondo I., de BlasI. Experimental and natural infections ofsevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 in pets and wild and farm animals. Veterinary World. 2022; 15 (3): 565–589. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2022.565-589</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mastutik G., Rohman A., I’tishom R., Ruiz-Arrondo I., de BlasI. Experimental and natural infections ofsevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 in pets and wild and farm animals. Veterinary World. 2022; 15 (3): 565–589. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2022.565-589</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cui S., LiuY., Zhao J., Peng X., LuG., ShiW., et al. An updated review on SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals. Viruses. 2022; 14 (7):1527. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14071527</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cui S., LiuY., Zhao J., Peng X., LuG., ShiW., et al. An updated review on SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals. Viruses. 2022; 14 (7):1527. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14071527</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hammer A. S., Quaade M. L., Rasmussen T. B., Fonager J., Rasmussen M., Mundbjerg K., et al. SARS-CoV-2 transmission between mink (Neovison vison) and humans, Denmark. Emerging InfectiousDiseases. 2021; 27 (2): 547–551. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2702.203794</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hammer A. S., Quaade M. L., Rasmussen T. B., Fonager J., Rasmussen M., Mundbjerg K., et al. SARS-CoV-2 transmission between mink (Neovison vison) and humans, Denmark. Emerging InfectiousDiseases. 2021; 27 (2): 547–551. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2702.203794</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yen H.-L., Sit T. H. C., Brackman C. J., Chuk S. S. Y., Gu H., Tam K. W. S., et al. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 delta variant (AY.127) from pet hamsters to humans, leading to onward human-to-human transmission: a case study. The Lancet. 2022; 399 (10329): 1070–1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00326-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yen H.-L., Sit T. H. C., Brackman C. J., Chuk S. S. Y., Gu H., Tam K. W. S., et al. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 delta variant (AY.127) from pet hamsters to humans, leading to onward human-to-human transmission: a case study. The Lancet. 2022; 399 (10329): 1070–1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00326-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cui X., Wang Y., Zhai J., Xue M., Zheng C., Yu L. Future trajectory of SARS-CoV-2: Constant spillover back and forth between humans and animals. Virus Research. 2023; 328:199075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199075</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cui X., Wang Y., Zhai J., Xue M., Zheng C., Yu L. Future trajectory of SARS-CoV-2: Constant spillover back and forth between humans and animals. Virus Research. 2023; 328:199075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199075</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheng K., Wu C., Gu S., LuY., Wu H., Li C. WHOdeclaresthe end of the COVID-19 global health emergency: lessons and recommendations from the perspective of ChatGPT/GPT-4. International Journal of Surgery. 2023; 109 (9): 2859–2862. https://doi.org/10.1097/js9.0000000000000521</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheng K., Wu C., Gu S., LuY., Wu H., Li C. WHOdeclaresthe end of the COVID-19 global health emergency: lessons and recommendations from the perspective of ChatGPT/GPT-4. International Journal of Surgery. 2023; 109 (9): 2859–2862. https://doi.org/10.1097/js9.0000000000000521</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santini J. M., Edwards S. J. L. Host range of SARS-CoV-2 and implications for public health. The Lancet Microbe. 2020; 1 (4): e141–e142. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30069-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Santini J. M., Edwards S. J. L. Host range of SARS-CoV-2 and implications for public health. The Lancet Microbe. 2020; 1 (4): e141–e142. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30069-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fritz M., Elguero E., Becquart P., de Fonclare D. de R., Garcia D., Beurlet S., et al. A large-scale serological survey in pets from October 2020 through June 2021 in France shows significantly higher exposure to SARSCoV-2 in cats. bioRxiv. December 26, 2022; preprint, Version 4. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.12.23.521567</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fritz M., Elguero E., Becquart P., de Fonclare D. de R., Garcia D., Beurlet S., et al. A large-scale serological survey in pets from October 2020 through June 2021 in France shows significantly higher exposure to SARSCoV-2 in cats. bioRxiv. December 26, 2022; preprint, Version 4. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.12.23.521567</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang A., Zhu X., Chen Y., Sun Y., Liu H., Ding P., et al. Serological survey of SARS-CoV-2 in companion animalsin China. Frontiersin Veterinary Science. 2022; 9:986619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.986619</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang A., Zhu X., Chen Y., Sun Y., Liu H., Ding P., et al. Serological survey of SARS-CoV-2 in companion animalsin China. Frontiersin Veterinary Science. 2022; 9:986619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.986619</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goldberg A. R., Langwig K. E., Brown K. L., Marano J. M., Rai P., King K. M., et al. Widespread exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife communities. Nature Communications. 2024; 15 (1):6210. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49891-w.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goldberg A. R., Langwig K. E., Brown K. L., Marano J. M., Rai P., King K. M., et al. Widespread exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife communities. Nature Communications. 2024; 15 (1):6210. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49891-w.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волкова М. А., Зиняков Н. Г., Ярославцева П. С., Чвала И. А., Галкина Т. С., Андрейчук Д. Б. Разработка тест-системы для выявления антител к вирусу SARS-CoV-2 в сыворотках крови восприимчивых животных. Ветеринария сегодня. 2021; (2): 97–102. https://doi.org/10.29326/2304-196X-2021-2-37-97-102</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkova M. A., Zinyakov N. G., Yaroslavtseva P. S., Chvala I. A., Galkina T. S., Andreychuk D. B. Development of the test kit for detection of SARSCoV-2 antibodies in sera of susceptible animals. Veterinary Science Today. 2021; (2): 97–102. https://doi.org/10.29326/2304-196X-2021-2-37-97-102</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burbelo P. D., Riedo F. X., Morishima C., Rawlings S., Smith D., Das S., et al. Sensitivity in detection of antibodies to nucleocapsid and spike proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020; 222 (2): 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa273</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burbelo P. D., Riedo F. X., Morishima C., Rawlings S., Smith D., Das S., et al. Sensitivity in detection of antibodies to nucleocapsid and spike proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020; 222 (2): 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa273</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Marco Verissimo C., O’Brien C., López Corrales J., Dorey A., Cwiklinski K., Lalor R., et al. Improved diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 by using nucleoprotein and spike protein fragment 2 in quantitative dual ELISA tests. Epidemiology and Infection. 2021; 149:e140. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268821001308</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Marco Verissimo C., O’Brien C., López Corrales J., Dorey A., Cwiklinski K., Lalor R., et al. Improved diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 by using nucleoprotein and spike protein fragment 2 in quantitative dual ELISA tests. Epidemiology and Infection. 2021; 149:e140. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268821001308</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Грибанов О. Г., Щербаков А. В., Перевозчикова Н. А., Гусев А. А. Использование аэросила А300 и фильтров GF/F (GF/C) для очистки фрагментов ДНК, ДНК-плазмид и РНК. Биохимия. 1996; 61 (6): 1064–1070. https://biochemistrymoscow.com/ru/archive/1996/61-06-1064</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gribanov O. G., Shcherbakov A. V., Perevozchikova N. A., Gusev A. A. Purification of DNA fragments, plasmid DNA, and RNA using aerosil A-300 and GF/F (GF/C) filters. Biochemistry (Moscow). 1996; 61 (6): 764–768. https://elibrary.ru/ldmgwz</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маниатис Т., Фрич Э., Сэмбрук Дж. Методы генетической инженерии. Молекулярное клонирование. М.: Мир; 1984. 480 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ManiatisT., Fritsch E. F., Sambrook J. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; 1982. 545 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
