<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">veterinary</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ветеринария сегодня</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Veterinary Science Today</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2304-196X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6959</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"Veinard"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29326/2304-196X-2025-14-1-55-61</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">veterinary-893</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ | БОЛЕЗНИ ПТИЦ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES | AVIAN DISEASES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Воспроизведение ассоциированной инфекции, обусловленной Mycoplasma gallisepticum и Mycoplasma synoviae, в лабораторных условиях</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Creating a laboratory model of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae associated infection</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4893-6567</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Козлов Дмитрий Александрович, ветеринарный врач лаборатории профилактики болезней птиц </p><p>мкр. Юрьевец, г. Владимир, 600901</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry A. Kozlov, Veterinarian, Laboratory for Avian Diseases Prevention</p><p>Yur’evets, Vladimir 600901</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kozlov_da@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8819-0720</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волков</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkov</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Волков Михаил Сергеевич, д-р вет. наук, доцент, заведующий лабораторией эпизоотологии и мониторинга</p><p>мкр. Юрьевец, г. Владимир, 600901</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail S. Volkov, Dr.  Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Associate Professor, Head of Laboratory for Epizootology and Monitoring</p><p>Yur’evets, Vladimir 600901</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">volkov_ms@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6832-0348</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чупина</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chupina</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чупина Ольга Андреевна, канд. биол. наук, заместитель руководителя центра доклинических исследований</p><p>мкр. Юрьевец, г. Владимир, 600901</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga A. Chupina, Cand. Sci. (Biology), Deputy Head of the Centre for Preclinical Tests</p><p>Yur’evets, Vladimir 600901</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">chupina@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9672-8594</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мороз</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Moroz</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мороз Наталья Владимировна, канд. вет. наук, заведующий лабораторией профилактики болезней птиц</p><p>мкр. Юрьевец, г. Владимир, 600901</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia V. Moroz, Cand. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Head of Laboratory for Avian Diseases Prevention</p><p>Yur’evets, Vladimir 600901</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">moroz@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7489-1772</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ирза</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Irza</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ирза Виктор Николаевич, д-р вет. наук, доцент, главный научный сотрудник информационно-аналитического центра</p><p>мкр. Юрьевец, г. Владимир, 600901</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Viktor N. Irza, Dr. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Associate Professor, Chief Researcher, Information and Analysis Centre</p><p>Yur’evets, Vladimir 600901</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">irza@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6240-3062</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пронин</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pronin</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пронин Валерий Васильевич, д-р биол. наук, профессор, заместитель директора</p><p>ул. Академика Бакулова, стр. 1, пос. Вольгинский, 601125, Петушинский р-н, Владимирская обл.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valery V. Pronin, Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor, Deputy Director</p><p>bldg. 1, Akademika Bakulova str., Volginsky 601125, Petushinsky District, Vladimir Oblast</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">proninvv63@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Федеральный центр охраны здоровья животных» (ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ»)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Centre for Animal Health</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр вирусологии и микробиологии» (ФГБНУ ФИЦВиМ)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>55</fpage><lpage>61</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Козлов Д.А., Волков М.С., Чупина О.А., Мороз Н.В., Ирза В.Н., Пронин В.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Козлов Д.А., Волков М.С., Чупина О.А., Мороз Н.В., Ирза В.Н., Пронин В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kozlov D.A., Volkov M.S., Chupina O.A., Moroz N.V., Irza V.N., Pronin V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/893">https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/893</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Респираторный микоплазмоз и инфекционный синовит птиц являются экономически значимыми и нотифицируемыми болезнями, поэтому вопрос борьбы с Mycoplasma gallisepticum и Mycoplasma synoviae на птицеводческих предприятиях является актуальным. Применение вакцин – один из способов специфической профилактики, однако при разработке препаратов особое внимание уделяется оценке их протективных свойств. Контрольное заражение не всегда приводит к проявлению болезни ввиду ее преимущественно хронического течения и факторности.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Воссоздание факторов, способствующих проявлению болезни в лабораторных условиях, и выявление патологических изменений в организме зараженных и иммунизированных птиц на гистологическом уровне.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В качестве подопытных животных были отобраны серонегативные и вакцинированные куры кросса Хайсекс белый в возрасте 67 сут. В ходе опыта использовали штамм S6 Mycoplasma gallisepticum, штамм WVU 1853 Mycoplasma synoviae и штамм А/chicken/Amursky/03/12/Н9N2 вируса низкопатогенного гриппа птиц.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Ассоциированное течение микоплазмозов с низкопатогенным гриппом птиц проявляется заболеванием и патогистологическими изменениями, среди которых легкие респираторные расстройства и суставной синдром. При гистологическом исследовании у зараженных невакцинированных птиц выявили нарушение целостности реснитчатого эпителия трахеи с очагами десквамации. У вакцинированной против микоплазмоза и экспериментально инфицированной птицы признаков отслаивания эпителия не наблюдалось, однако выявляли локальный отек подслизистого слоя трахеи. В железе третьего века у невакцинированных птиц, зараженных вирусом низкопатогенного гриппа птиц Н9N2, Mycoplasma gallisepticum и Mycoplasma synoviae, отмечали дистрофические изменения и инфильтрацию лимфоцитами, что свидетельствовало о наличии воспаления. В группе как вакцинированных, так и невакцинированных экспериментально инфицированных птиц в тканях легких выявляли лимфоцитарную инфильтрацию. Во всех группах птиц, кроме контрольной, наблюдали картину депопуляции лимфоцитов в корковом веществе фабрициевой сумки.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Результатом данного исследования является создание метода проведения контрольного заражения птиц Mycoplasma gallisepticum и Mycoplasma synoviae, а также выявление условий для клинического проявления микоплазмозов, установление патологических изменений на клеточном уровне вследствие инфицирования.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Respiratory mycoplasmosis and infectious synovitis are economically significant and notifiable avian diseases, therefore, the issue of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae control on poultry farms is of great importance. Vaccination is one of the ways to ensure specific prevention, however, when a vaccine is developed, its protective properties are assessed with special focus. Challenge does not always lead to the disease manifestation due to its predominantly chronic and factor-dependant nature.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. Laboratory simulation of the factors that contribute to the disease manifestation and a histological analysis of pathological changes in the infected and vaccinated poultry.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Seronegative and vaccinated 67-day-old Haysex white cross chickens were selected for the experimental purposes. We used S6 strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, WVU 1853 strain of Mycoplasma synoviae and A/chicken/Amursky/03/12/H9N2 strain of low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results.The associated infection of mycoplasmoses and low-pathogenicity avian influenza is manifested as a disease with pathohistological changes that include mild respiratory and joint disorders. Histological tests of the infected non-vaccinated poultry revealed damaged tracheal ciliated epithelium with desquamation. The poultry vaccinated against mycoplasmosis and experimentally infected showed no signs of epithelial separation, however, local submucosal edema was observed in the trachea. Non-vaccinated poultry infected with low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus H9N2, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae demonstrated dystrophic changes and lymphocyte infiltration in the third eyelid gland which suggested an inflammation. Lymphocytic lung tissue infiltration was detected both in the vaccinated and non-vaccinated experimentally infected poultry. All groups of chickens, except for the control one, demonstrated lymphocyte depopulation in the cortical substance of the fabricium sac.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The study resulted in developing a challenge procedure for poultry using Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae agents, in defining conditions for clinical manifestation of mycoplasmoses, in detecting infection-caused pathological changes at the cellular level.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</kwd><kwd>Mycoplasma synoviae</kwd><kwd>гистология</kwd><kwd>контрольное заражение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</kwd><kwd>Mycoplasma synoviae</kwd><kwd>histology</kwd><kwd>challenge</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена за счет средств ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ» в рамках тематики научно-исследовательских работ «Ветеринарное благополучие».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was funded by the Federal Centre for Animal Health as a part of research activities “Veterinary Welfare”.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feberwee A., de Wit S., Dijkman R. Clinical expression, epidemiology, and monitoring of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae: anupdate.AvianPathology. 2022; 51 (1): 2–18. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2021.1944605</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feberwee A., de Wit S., Dijkman R. Clinical expression, epidemiology, and monitoring of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae: anupdate.AvianPathology. 2022; 51 (1): 2–18. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2021.1944605</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stipkovits L., Kempf I. Mycoplasmoses in poultry. Revue Scientifique et Technique. 1996; 15 (4): 1495–1525. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.15.4.986</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stipkovits L., Kempf I. Mycoplasmoses in poultry. Revue Scientifique et Technique. 1996; 15 (4): 1495–1525. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.15.4.986</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whithear K. G. Control of avian mycoplasmoses by vaccination. Revue Scientifique et Technique. 1996; 15 (4): 1527–1553. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.15.4.985</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whithear K. G. Control of avian mycoplasmoses by vaccination. Revue Scientifique et Technique. 1996; 15 (4): 1527–1553. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.15.4.985</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Микоплазмозы животных. Под ред. Я. Р. Коваленко. М.: Колос; 1976. 304 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Animal mycoplasmoses. Ed. by Ya. R. Kovalenko. Мoscow: Kolos; 1976. 304 p. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бессарабов Б. Ф., Василевич Ф. И., Мельникова И. И., Сушкова Н. К., Чекмарев А. Д. Практикум по болезням птиц. М.: КолосС; 2007. 200 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bessarabov B. F., Vasilevich F. I., Melnikova I. I., Sushkova N. K., Chekmarev A. D. Guide on AvianDiseases. Moscow: KolosS; 2007. 200 p. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morrow C. J., Bradbury J. M., Gentle M. J., Thorp B. H. The development of lameness and bone deformity in the broiler following experimental infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum or Mycoplasma synoviae. Avian Pathology. 1997; 26 (1): 169–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079459708419203</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morrow C. J., Bradbury J. M., Gentle M. J., Thorp B. H. The development of lameness and bone deformity in the broiler following experimental infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum or Mycoplasma synoviae. Avian Pathology. 1997; 26 (1): 169–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079459708419203</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ирза В. Н. Инфекционный синовит птиц – эпизоотология и профилактика. Птицеводство. 2009; (11): 39–40. https://elibrary.ru/ojzdet</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Irza V. N. Infectious synovitis birds – epizootiology and prevention. Ptitsevodstvo. 2009; (11): 39–40. https://elibrary.ru/ojzdet (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yadav J. P., Tomar P., Singh Y., Khurana S. K. Insights on Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae infection in poultry: a systematic review. Animal Biotechnology. 2022; 33 (7): 1711–1720. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2021.1908316</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yadav J. P., Tomar P., Singh Y., Khurana S. K. Insights on Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae infection in poultry: a systematic review. Animal Biotechnology. 2022; 33 (7): 1711–1720. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2021.1908316</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Прозоровский С. В., Пронин А. В., Санин А. В. Иммунологические механизмы персистенции микоплазм. Вестник Академии медицинских наук СССР. 1985; (10): 43–51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prozorovskiĭ S. V., Pronin A. V., Sanin A. V. Immunologic mechanisms of the persistence of Mycoplasma. Vestnik Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk SSSR. 1985; (10): 43–51. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4082756 (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chaidez-Ibarra M. A., Velazquez D. Z., Enriquez-Verdugo I., Castro del Campo N., Rodriguez-Gaxiola M. A., Montero-Pardo A., et al. Pooled molecular occurrence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in poultry: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2022; 69 (5): 2499–2511. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14302</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaidez-Ibarra M. A., Velazquez D. Z., Enriquez-Verdugo I., Castro del Campo N., Rodriguez-Gaxiola M. A., Montero-Pardo A., et al. Pooled molecular occurrence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in poultry: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2022; 69 (5): 2499–2511. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14302</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Catania S., Bilato D., Gobbo F., Granato A., Terregino C., Iob L., Nicholas R. A. J. Treatment of eggshell abnormalities and reduced egg production caused by Mycoplasma synoviae infection. AvianDiseases. 2010; 54 (2): 961–964. https://doi.org/10.1637/9121-110309-Case.1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Catania S., Bilato D., Gobbo F., Granato A., Terregino C., Iob L., Nicholas R. A. J. Treatment of eggshell abnormalities and reduced egg production caused by Mycoplasma synoviae infection. AvianDiseases. 2010; 54 (2): 961–964. https://doi.org/10.1637/9121-110309-Case.1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. synoviae). In: WOAH. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. 2021; Chapter 3.3.5. https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.03.05_AVIAN_MYCO.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. synoviae). In: WOAH. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. 2021; Chapter 3.3.5. https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.03.05_AVIAN_MYCO.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Avian influenza (including infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses). In: WOAH. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. 2021; Chapter 3.3.4. https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.03.04_AI.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avian influenza (including infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses). In: WOAH. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. 2021; Chapter 3.3.4. https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.03.04_AI.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Newcastle disease (infection withNewcastle disease virus). In: WOAH. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. 2021; Chapter 3.3.10. https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.03.10_NEWCASTLE_DIS.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Newcastle disease (infection withNewcastle disease virus). In: WOAH. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. 2021; Chapter 3.3.10. https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.03.10_NEWCASTLE_DIS.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаравий А. О., Смирнова С. В., Поликарпов Л. С., Игнатова И. А. Респираторный микоплазмоз. Дальневосточный медицинский журнал. 2005; (4): 114–118. https://elibrary.ru/pkvydb</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharavii A. O., Smirnova S. V., Polikarpov L. S., Ignatova I. A. Respiratornyi mikoplazmoz = Respiratory mycoplasmosis. Far Eastern Medical Journal. 2005; (4): 114–118. https://elibrary.ru/pkvydb (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kleven S. H. Mycoplasmasin the etiology of multifactorial respiratory disease. Poultry Science. 1998; 77 (8): 1146–1149. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.8.1146</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kleven S. H. Mycoplasmasin the etiology of multifactorial respiratory disease. Poultry Science. 1998; 77 (8): 1146–1149. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.8.1146</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roussan D. A., Khawaldeh G., Shaheen I. A. A survey of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synovaie with avian influenza H9 subtype in meat-type chicken in Jordan between 2011–2015. Poultry Science. 2015; 94 (7): 1499–1503. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev119</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roussan D. A., Khawaldeh G., Shaheen I. A. A survey of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synovaie with avian influenza H9 subtype in meat-type chicken in Jordan between 2011–2015. Poultry Science. 2015; 94 (7): 1499–1503. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev119</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stipkovits L., Egyed L., Palfi V., Beres A., Pitlik E., Somogyi M., et al. Effect of low-pathogenicity influenza virus H3N8 infection on Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection of chickens. Avian Pathology. 2012; 41 (1): 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2011.635635</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stipkovits L., Egyed L., Palfi V., Beres A., Pitlik E., Somogyi M., et al. Effect of low-pathogenicity influenza virus H3N8 infection on Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection of chickens. Avian Pathology. 2012; 41 (1): 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2011.635635</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волков М. C., Варкентин А. В., Ирза В. Н. О распространении вируса низкопатогенного гриппа А/Н9N2 в мире и на территории Российской Федерации. Проблемы искоренения болезни. Ветеринария сегодня. 2019; (3): 51–56. https://doi.org/10.29326/2304-196X-2019-3-30-51-56</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkov M. S., Varkentin A. V., Irza V. N. Spread of low pathogenic avian influenza А/Н9N2 in the world and Russian Federation. Challenges of disease eradication. Veterinary Science Today. 2019; (3): 51–56. https://doi.org/10.29326/2304-196X-2019-3-30-51-56</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kulappu Arachchige S. N., Wawegama N. K., Coppo M. J. C., Derseh H. B., Vaz P. K., Kanci Condello A., et al. Mucosal immune responses in the trachea after chronic infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum in unvaccinated and vaccinated mature chickens. Cellular Microbiology. 2021; 23 (11):e13383. https://doi.org/10.1111/cmi.13383</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulappu Arachchige S. N., Wawegama N. K., Coppo M. J. C., Derseh H. B., Vaz P. K., Kanci Condello A., et al. Mucosal immune responses in the trachea after chronic infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum in unvaccinated and vac cinated mature chickens. Cellular Microbiology. 2021; 23 (11):e13383. https://doi.org/10.1111/cmi.13383</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
