veterinaryВетеринария сегодняVeterinary Science Today2304-196X2658-6959"Veinard"10.29326/2304-196X-2024-13-1-11-19veterinary-785Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ | ЯЩУРREVIEWS | FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASEМолекулярная эпизоотология ящура (обзор)Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease (review)https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8326-4201ЩербаковА. В.ScherbakovA. V.

Щербаков Алексей Владимирович, канд. биол. наук, заведующий референтной лабораторией по особо опасным болезням

мкр. Юрьевец, г. Владимир, 600901

Aleksey V. Scherbakov, Cand. Sci. (Biology), Head of Reference Laboratory for Highly Dangerous Diseases

Yur’evets, Vladimir 600901

ascherbakov@arriah.ruФГБУ «Федеральный центр охраны здоровья животных» (ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ»)РоссияFederal Centre for Animal HealthRussian Federation2024220320241311119Copyright © Щербаков А.В., 20242024Щербаков А.В.Scherbakov A.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/785

Молекулярно-эпизоотологические исследования являются важным инструментом регионального и глобального надзора за ящуром. Эти исследования базируются на постоянно прогрессирующих технологиях секвенирования нуклеиновых кислот и филогенетического анализа. Применение данных технологий позволило оценить генетическое разнообразие возбудителя ящура, изучить эволюцию вируса в регионах, энзоотичных по заболеванию, и отслеживать пути распространения эпизоотий и панзоотий ящура. Молекулярно-эпизоотологические исследования показали, что в пределах давно известных семи серотипов вируса ящура существуют многочисленные топотипы (географические типы), генетические линии и сублинии. Обычно вирус ящура того или иного топотипа и генетической линии эволюционирует в пределах определенного ареала, периодически вызывая региональные эпизоотии. Однако за последние 30 лет случились две панзоотии ящура, охватившие несколько континентов. Первая панзоотия произошла в конце 1990-х – начале 2000-х гг. и была обусловлена вирусом ящура О/ME-SA/PanAsia, а вторая, вызванная вирусом О/ME-SA/Ind-2001, началась в 2013 г. и продолжается до настоящего времени. Возникновение панзоотий ящура, вероятно, является следствием глобализации мировой экономики. В России ящур не энзоотичен, однако периодически регистрируются спорадические вспышки этой болезни. Молекулярно-эпизоотологические исследования показали, что эти вспышки вызваны заносом инфекции из соседних азиатских стран, главным образом из Китая. Вирус ящура, проникавший на территорию Российской Федерации из других стран, характеризуется большим генетическим разнообразием и относится к трем серотипам, пяти топотипам и восьми генетическим линиям: O/Cathay, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001, O/ME-SA/unnamed, A/Asia/Iran-05, A/Asia/Sea-97, Asia1/V. Результаты молекулярно-эпизоотологических исследований учитываются при выборе вакцинных штаммов для профилактической вакцинации скота в зонах с высоким риском заноса ящура. Обзор составлен на основе анализа 68 источников.

Molecular epidemiological studies are an important tool for regional and global surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). These tests are based on constantly progressing technologies of nucleic acid sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The use of these technologies made it possible to assess the genetic diversity of the FMD virus, to analyze the evolution of the virus in the enzootic regions, and track the pathways of FMD epizootic and panzootic spread. Molecular epidemiological studies have shown that within the long-known seven serotypes of the FMD virus, there are numerous topotypes (geographical types), genetic lineages and sublineages. Usually, the foot-and-mouth disease virus of a certain topotype and genetic lineage evolves within a certain area, periodically causing regional epizootics. However, over the past 30 years, two FMD panzootics have occurred, invloving several continents. The first panzootic occurred in the late 1990s – early 2000s and was caused by O/ME-SA/PanAsia FMDV, and the second, caused by O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 virus, began in 2013 and continues to the present. The emergence of FMD panzootics is probably a consequence of the economic globalization. FMD is not enzootic in Russia, but sporadic outbreaks of this disease are periodically reported. Molecular epidemiological studies have shown that these outbreaks are caused by the infection introduction from neighboring Asian countries, mainly from China. The FMD virus, which has come to the Russian Federation from other countries, is characterized by great genetic diversity and belongs to three serotypes, five topotypes and eight genetic lineages: O/Cathay, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001, O/ME-SA/unnamed, A/Asia/Iran-05, A/Asia/Sea-97, Asia1/V. The results of molecular epidemiological studies are taken into account when vaccine strains are to be selected for preventive vaccination of livestock in FMD high-risk areas. The review is based on the analysis of 68 literature sources.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.