<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">veterinary</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ветеринария сегодня</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Veterinary Science Today</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2304-196X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6959</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"Veinard"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29326/2304-196X-2023-12-4-284-292</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">veterinary-763</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ | БОЛЕЗНИ ПТИЦ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS | AVIAN DISEASES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Колибактериоз птиц – актуальные вопросы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Avian colibacillosis – current aspects</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0503-113X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Герасимова</surname><given-names>А. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gerasimova</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Герасимова Алина Олеговна, аспирант отдела микробиологии</p><p>StartFragment 198412, г. Санкт-Петербург, г. Ломоносов, ул. Черникова, 48</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alina O. Gerasimova, Postgraduate Student, Department of Microbiology</p><p>198412, Saint Petersburg, Lomonosov, ul. Chernikova, 48</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gerasimova.alina.20@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0046-625X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новикова</surname><given-names>О. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikova</surname><given-names>O. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новикова Оксана Борисовна, доктор ветеринарных наук, профессор, кафедра птицеводства и мелкого животноводства ФГБОУ ВО СПбГАУ; доцент кафедры эпизоотологии ФГБОУ ВО СПбГУВМ</p><p>г. Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oksana B. Novikova, Doctor of Science (Veterinary Medicine), Professor, Department of Poultry and Small Animal Husbandry, FSBEI HE SPb SAU; Associate Professor, Department of Epizootology, FSBEI HE St. Petersburg SUVM</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ksuvet@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9125-8005</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савичева</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Savicheva</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Савичева Алеся Анисовна, аспирант, младший научный сотрудник отдела микробиологии</p><p>г. Санкт-Петербург, г. Ломоносов</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alesya A. Savicheva, Postgraduate Student, Junior Researcher, Department of Microbiology</p><p>Saint Petersburg, Lomonosov</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Всероссийский научно-исследовательский ветеринарный институт птицеводства – филиал Федерального научного центра «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский и технологический институт птицеводства» Российской академии наук (ВНИВИП – филиал ФНЦ «ВНИТИП» РАН)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>All-Russian Research Veterinary Institute of Poultry Science – Branch of the Federal Scientific Center “All-Russian Research and Technological Poultry Institute” of Russian Academy of Sciences (ARRVIPS – FSC ARRTPI RAS)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет ветеринарной медицины» (ФГБОУ ВО СПбГУВМ); ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный аграрный университет» (ФГБОУ ВО СПбГАУ)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>FSBEI HE “Saint-Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine” (FSBEI HE St. Petersburg SUVM); FSBEI HE “Saint-Petersburg State Agrarian University” (FSBEI HE SPb SAU)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>284</fpage><lpage>292</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Герасимова А.О., Новикова О.Б., Савичева А.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Герасимова А.О., Новикова О.Б., Савичева А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gerasimova A.O., Novikova O.B., Savicheva A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/763">https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/763</self-uri><abstract><p>Колибактериоз– бактериальная болезнь человека, животных и птиц, вызываемая патогенной грамотрицательной палочкой Escherichia coli. Несмотря на то что болезнь носит секундарный характер, колибактериоз затрагивает птицеводческие хозяйства повсеместно, нанося значительный экономический ущерб. Распространение болезни тесно связано с проблемой антибиотикорезистентности, поскольку больная птица-носитель может являться резервуаром штаммов Escherichia coli, устойчивых к действию антибактериальных средств. Кроме того, доказана возможность передачи генов вирулентности и резистентности от птичьих штаммов эшерихий внекишечным патогенным штаммам, опасным для человека. Колибактериоз передается аэрогенно, алиментарно, реже– трансовариально через помет, слизь, корма, воду, предметы обихода и обслуживающий персонал. Наиболее восприимчивы птицы в возрасте 1–14 сут и в период начала яйцекладки. Болезнь протекает в острой, подострой и хронической форме и чаще всего сопровождается катарально-геморрагическим энтеритом спрофузной пенистой диареей, поражением респираторного тракта, фибринозным перитонитом и полисерозитом, а также значительным снижением привесов, отставанием в росте, снижением или полным прекращением яйценоскости. Диагноз «колибактериоз» ставится комплексно с учетом эпизоотической ситуации, данных клинического осмотра и патолого-анатомического вскрытия павшей или вынужденно убитой птицы, а также результатов лабораторных исследований и постановки биопробы. Для диагностики заболевания применяют бактериологические, серологические и молекулярно-генетические методы. Профилактика колибактериоза достигается путем улучшения условий содержания птицы (контроль качества корма и воды, дезинфекция, дератизация, контроль параметров микроклимата), а также своевременной комплексной вакцинацией всего поголовья. Лечебные мероприятия должны планироваться, основываясь на первичных этиологических факторах и чувствительности бактерий к противомикробным средствам.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Colibacillosis is a bacterial disease of humans, animals and birds caused by Escherichia coli, pathogenic gram-negative bacillus. Despite its secondary nature, colibacillosis widely aﬀects poultry farms and causes signiﬁcant economic losses. The disease spread is closely associated with antibiotic resistance problem because a diseased carrier bird may be a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli strains. In addition, genes of virulence and resistance have been proven to be transferred from avian Escherichia strains toextra intestinal pathogenic strains that are dangerous to humans. Colibacillosis is transmitted aerogenically, alimentally, rarely transovarially, with droppings, mucus, feed, water, handling tools and operating personnel. Birds are most susceptible attheage of1–14days and at the onset of laying period. The disease may present asacute, subacute and chronic forms and is most often manifested by catarrhal hemorrhagic enteritis with profuse foamy diarrhea, respiratory tract lesions, ﬁbrinous peritonitis and polyserositis, as well as a signiﬁcant decrease in weight gains, stunting, egg laying decrease or complete cessation. Colibacillosis is diagnosed comprehensively taking into account the epizootic situation, ﬁndings of clinical examination and postmortem examination of dead or emergency-slaughtered poultry as well as laboratory test and bioassay results. Bacteriological, serological and molecular genetic methods are used for the disease diagnosis. Colibacillosis prevention includes improvement of poultry keeping practice (control of feed and water quality, disinfection, pest control, microclimate control) as well as timely complex vaccination of all poultry. The disease shall be treated taking into account primary etiological factors and bacteria sensitivity to antimicrobials.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>обзор</kwd><kwd>колибактериоз</kwd><kwd>птицеводство</kwd><kwd>эпизоотология</kwd><kwd>Escherichia coli</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>review</kwd><kwd>colibacillosis</kwd><kwd>poultry farming</kwd><kwd>epizootiology</kwd><kwd>Escherichia coli</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зуев Н. П., Тучков Н. С. Проблема колибактериоза в птицеводстве. Молодые ученые– науке и практике АПК: материалы научно-практической конференции аспирантов и молодых ученых (Витебск, 27–28 апреля 2023 г.). Витебск: УО «Витебская ордена «Знак Почета» государственная академия ветеринарной медицины»; 2023; 77–81. EDN: WLOGCX.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zuev N. P., Tuchkov N. S. The problem of colibacteriosis in poultry farming. Molodye uchenye – nauke i praktike APK: materialy nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii aspirantov i molodyh uchenyh (Vitebsk, 27–28 aprelja 2023g.) = Early-carrier scientists’ input to agro-industrial science and practice: proceedings of the Scientiﬁc and Practical Conference of Postgraduates and Early-Career Scientists (Vitebsk, 27–28 April, 2023). Vitebsk: EE“VSAVM”; 2023; 77–81. EDN: WLOGCX. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Новикова О. Б., Бартенев А. А. Проблема колибактериоза в птицеводстве. Современные тенденции развития науки и технологий. 2015; 8–4: 35–37. EDN: VBPOVR.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novikova O. B., Bartenev A. A. Problema kolibakterioza v pticevodstve = The problem of colibacteriosis in poultry farming. Modern trends in science and technologies. 2015; 8–4: 35–37. EDN:VBPOVR. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ярыгина Н. А. Мониторинг эпизоотической ситуации колибактериоза птиц в Ленинградской области за 2019–2020 года. Молодые ученые – науке и практике АПК: материалы научно-практической конференции аспирантов и молодых ученых (Витебск, 27–28 апреля 2023г.). Витебск: УО «Витебская ордена «Знак Почета» государственная академия ветеринарной медицины». 2023; 241–243. EDN: FPIOIB.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yarygina N. A. Poultry colibacillosis epizootic situation monitoring in the Leningrad region in 2019–2020. Molodye uchenye – nauke i praktike APK: materialy nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii aspirantov i molodyh uchenyh (Vitebsk, 27–28aprelja 2023 g.)= Early-carrier scientists’ input to agro-industrial science and practice: proceedings of the Scientiﬁc and Practical Conference of Postgraduates and Early-Career Scientists (Vitebsk, 27–28April, 2023). Vitebsk: EE “VSAVM”; 2023; 241–243. EDN: FPIOIB. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Виноходов В. В., Виноходов В. О., Лысенко С. Н. К вопросу об этиологии колибактериоза птиц. Международный вестник ветеринарии. 2009; 3: 17–25. EDN: LLZGXD.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinokhodov V. V., Vinokhodov V. O., Lysenco S.N. To a question about etiology of colibactiriosys of birds. International Bulletin of Veterinary Medicine. 2009; 3: 17–25. EDN: LLZGXD. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исакова М. Н., Соколова О. В., Безбородова Н. А., Кривоногова А. С., Исаева А. Г., Зубарева В. Д. Антибиотикорезистентность клинических изолятов Escherichia coli, выделенных от животных. Ветеринария сегодня. 2022; 11(1): 14–19. DOI: 10.29326/2304-196X-2022-11-1-14-19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isakova M. N., Sokolova O. V., Bezborodova N. A., Krivonogova A. S., Isaeva A. G., Zubareva V. D. Antimicrobial resistance in clinical Escherichia coli isolates obtained from animals. Veterinay Science Today. 2022; 11 (1): 14–19. DOI:10.29326/2304-196X-2022-11-1-14-19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">KhongM.J., SnyderA.M., MagnaterraA.K., YoungM.M., BarbieriN.L., WeimerS.L. Antimicrobial resistance proﬁle of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry litter. Poul. Sci. 2022; 102(1):102305. DOI:10.1016/j.psj.2022.102305.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">KhongM.J., SnyderA.M., MagnaterraA.K., YoungM.M., BarbieriN.L., WeimerS.L. Antimicrobial resistance proﬁle of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry litter. Poul. Sci. 2022; 102(1):102305. DOI:10.1016/j.psj.2022.102305.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Helmy Y. A., Kathayat D., Deblais L., Srivastava V., Closs G. Jr., TokarskiR. J. 2nd, etal. Evaluation of novel quorum sensing inhibitors targeting auto-inducer 2 (AI-2) for the control of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli infections in chickens. Microbiol. Spectr. 2022; 10(3): 286–322. DOI:10.1128/spectrum.00286-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Helmy Y. A., Kathayat D., Deblais L., Srivastava V., Closs G. Jr., Tokarski R. J. 2nd, etal. Evaluation of novel quorum sensing inhibitors targeting auto-inducer 2 (AI-2) for the control of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli infections in chickens. Microbiol. Spectr. 2022; 10(3): 286–322. DOI:10.1128/spectrum.00286-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kathayat D., Lokesh D., Ranjit S., Rajashekara G. Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli(APEC): an overview of virulence and pathogenesis factors, zoonotic potential, and control strategies. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (4):467. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040467.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kathayat D., Lokesh D., Ranjit S., Rajashekara G. Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC): an overview of virulence and pathogenesis factors, zoonotic potential, and control strategies. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (4):467. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040467.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Всемирная организация здравоохранения. ВОЗпубликует список бактерий, для борьбы с которыми срочно требуется создание новых антибиотиков. Режим доступа: https://www.who.int/ru/news/item/27-02-2017-who-publishes-list-of-bacteria-for-which-new-antibiotics-are-urgently-needed (дата обращения: 20.06.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. WHO publishes list of bacteria for which new antibiotics are urgently needed. Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/27-02-2017-who-publishes-list-of-bacteria-for-which-new-antibiotics-are-urgently-needed (date of access: 20.06.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">RuizN., SilhavyT.J. How Escherichia coli became the ﬂagship bacterium of molecular biology. J.Bacteriol. 2022; 204(9):e0023022. DOI:10.1128/jb.00230-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RuizN., SilhavyT.J. How Escherichia coli became the ﬂagship bacterium of molecular biology. J.Bacteriol. 2022; 204(9):e0023022. DOI:10.1128/jb.00230-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Методические указания по микробиологической диагностике заболеваний, вызываемых энтеробактериями: утв. Минздравом СССР от 17.12.1984. Режим доступа: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200112237.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Methodical Guidelines for microbiological diagnosis of enterobacterial diseases: approved by the USSR Ministry of Health of 17.12.1984. Available at: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200112237. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шепелин А. П. Современное состояние и тенденции в разработке, производстве и применении питательных сред. Бактериология. 2016; 1 (1): 42–47. DOI: 10.20953/2500-1027-2016-1-42-47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shepelin A. P. Nutrient media: current status &amp; trends in design, production and application. Bacteriology. 2016; 1 (1): 42–47. DOI: 10.20953/2500-1027-2016-1-42-47. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гигани О. Б., Гигани О. О. Плазмиды: монография. М.:РУСАЙНС; 2017. 154 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GiganiO.B., GiganiO.O. Plasmids: monograph. Moscow: Ru-science; 2017. 154 p. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Красильников Н. А. Определитель бактерий и актиномицетов. М.; Л.: АН СССР; 1949. 838 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krasilnikov N. A. Manual for identiﬁcation of bacteria and actinomycetes. Moscow; Saint Petersburg: USSR Academy of Sciences; 1949. 838p. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">TarabaiH., WyrschE. R., BitarI., Dolejska M., DjordjevicS. P. Epidemic HI2 plasmids mobilising the carbapenemase gene blaIMP-4 in Australian clinical samples identiﬁed in multiple sublineages of Escherichia coli ST216 colonising silver gulls. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (3):567. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030567.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tarabai H., Wyrsch E. R., Bitar I., Dolejska M., Djordjevic S. P. Epidemic HI2 plasmids mobilising the carbapenemase gene blaIMP-4 in Australian clinical samples identiﬁed in multiple sublineages of Escherichia coli ST216 colonising silver gulls. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (3):567. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030567.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ЩепёткинаС.В., НовиковаО.Б., ЗабровскаяА.В., ТерлецкийВ.П., Тыщенко В. И. Современные принципы антибиотикотерапии в птицеводстве. СПб.: ФГБОУ ВПО «СПбГАВМ»; 2015. 148 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchepetkina S. V., Novikova O. B., Zabrovskaya A. V., Terletskiy V. P., Tyshchenko V. I. Modern principles of antibiotic therapy in poultry farming. Saint Petersburg: Saint-Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine; 2015. 148 p. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Громов И. Н. Патоморфологическая и дифференциальная диагностика болезней птиц, протекающих с преимущественным поражением кишечника. Животноводство и ветеринарная медицина. 2020; 2 (37): 27–31. EDN: OFNXLC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromov I. N. Pathomorphological and diﬀerential diagnostics of poultry diseases aﬀecting primarily intestines. Animal Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine. 2020; 2 (37): 27–31. EDN: OFNXLC. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ШоназарД. М., Мамадатохонова Г. Н., Рахимов А. А., Мираков А., Абдукосими А. Лабораторная диагностика колибактериоза птиц. Доклады Таджикской академии сельскохозяйственных наук. 2021; 2 (68): 50–54. EDN: HBOFRS.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shonazar J. M., Mamadatokhonova G. N., Rahimov A. A., Mirakov A., AbdukosimiA. Laboratory diagnostics escherichiosis coli of poultry. Reports of the Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences. 2021; 2 (68): 50–54. EDN: HBOFRS. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lutful Kabir S. M. Avian colibacillosis and salmonellosis: a closer look at epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, control and public health concerns. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2010; 7(1): 89–114. DOI:10.3390/ijerph7010089.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lutful KabirS.M. Avian colibacillosis and salmonellosis: acloser look at epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, control and public health concerns. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2010; 7(1): 89–114. DOI:10.3390/ijerph7010089.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">SchoulerC., SchaeﬀerB., Brée A., MoraA., DahbiG., BietF., etal. Diagnostic strategy for identifying avian pathogenic Escherichia coli based on four patterns of virulence genes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2012; 50 (5): 1673–1678. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.05057-11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schouler C., Schaeﬀer B., Brée A., Mora A., Dahbi G., Biet F., et al. Diagnostic strategy for identifying avian pathogenic Escherichia coli based on four patterns of virulence genes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2012; 50 (5): 1673–1678. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.05057-11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соколова Е. Д., Галтаева А. М., Замурий О. Ю., Дидиченко О. В., Соколова Ю. В., Муратова В. А. и др. Полимеразная цепная реакция в диагностике острых кишечных инфекций в детском инфекционном стационаре: возможности и проблемы. Инфекция и иммунитет. 2016; 6 (3): 225–231. DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-2016-3-225-231.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokolova E. D., Galtaeva A. M., Zamurei O. U., Didichenko O. V., Sokolova U. V., Muratova V. A., et al. Acute enteric infections polymerase chain reaction assay in pediatric practice: opportunities and challenges. Infection and Immunity. 2016; 6 (3): 225–231. DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-2016-3-225-231. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Методические указания по диагностике заболеваний птиц с использованием полимеразной цепной реакции: пособие для работников ветеринарных лабораторий. Владимир: ФГБУ«ВНИИЗЖ»; 2015. 193с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Methodical Guidelines for avian disease diagnosis with polymerase chain reaction: handbook for technicians of veterinary laboratories. Vladimir: FGBI “ARRIAH”; 2015. 193p. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">TangZ., TangN., WangX., RenH., ZhangC., ZouL., etal. Characterization ofalytic Escherichia coli phage CE1 and its potential use in therapy against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli infections. Front. Microbiol. 2023; 14:1091442. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1091442.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tang Z., Tang N., Wang X., Ren H., Zhang C., Zou L., et al. Characterization of a lytic Escherichia coli phage CE1 and its potential use in therapy against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli infections. Front. Microbiol. 2023; 14:1091442. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1091442.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Новикова О. Б., Терлецкий В. П., Ладанова М. А. Генотипирование методом ДРИМ Escherichia coli с целью контроля эпизоотической ситуации в отношении колибактериоза в птицеводстве. Механизмы адаптации микроорганизмов к различным условиям среды обитания: тезисы докладов Второй Всероссийской научной конференции с международным участием (Иркутск, Байкал, 28 февраля – 06 марта 2022 г.). Иркутск: ИГУ; 2022; 157–160. EDN: KCWBFR.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novicova O. B., Terletskiy V. P., Ladanova M. A. Genotipirovanie metodom DRIM Escherichia coli s tsel’yu kontrolya epizooticheskoi situatsii v otnoshenii kolibakterioza v ptitsevodstve = DRIM genotyping of Escherichia coli for colibacillosis situation control in poultry industry. Mechanisms of microorganisms adaptation to diﬀerent habitat condition: Proceedings of All-Russian Scientiﬁc Conference with International Participation (Irkutsk, Baikal, Febriary 28 – March6, 2022). Irkutsk: Irkutsk State University; 2022; 157–160. EDN: KCWBFR. (inRuss.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">TemmermanR., Ghanbari M., AntonissenG., SchatzmayrG., Duchateau L., Haesebrouck F.,et al. Dose-dependent impact of enroﬂoxacin on broiler chicken gut resistome is mitigated by synbiotic application. Front. Microbiol. 2022; 13:869538. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.869538.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">TemmermanR., Ghanbari M., Antonissen G., Schatzmayr G., Duchateau L., Haesebrouck F., et al. Dose-dependent impact of enroﬂoxacin on broiler chicken gut resistome is mitigated by synbiotic application. Front. Microbiol. 2022; 13:869538. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.869538.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lozica L., Morteza Gholi C. S., Kela A., Lošić I., Horvatek Tomić D., GottsteinŽ. Autogenous Escherichia coli vaccine application as an innovative antimicrobial therapy in poultry farming-a case report. Vaccines. 2022; 10(9):1567. DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091567.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lozica L., Morteza Gholi C. S., Kela A., Lošić I., Horvatek Tomić D., Gottstein Ž. Autogenous Escherichia coli vaccine application as an innovative antimicrobial therapy in poultry farming-a case report. Vaccines. 2022; 10 (9):1567. DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091567.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chodkowska K. A., IwińskiH., Wódz K., NowakT., RóżańskiH. Invitro assessment of antimicrobial activity of phytobiotics composition towards of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli(APEC) and other E. coli strains isolated from broiler chickens. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022; 11 (12):1818. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121818.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chodkowska K. A., Iwiński H., WódzK., Nowak T., Różański H. Invitro assessment of antimicrobial activity of phytobiotics composition towards of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli(APEC) and other E.coli strains isolated from broiler chickens. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022; 11 (12):1818. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121818.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">AbbasR. Z., AlsayeqhA. F., AqibA. I. Role of bacteriophages for optimized health and production of poultry. Animals (Basel). 2022;12(23):3378. DOI: 10.3390/ani12233378.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abbas R. Z., Alsayeqh A. F., Aqib A. I. Role of bacteriophages for optimized health and production of poultry. Animals (Basel). 2022;12(23):3378. DOI: 10.3390/ani12233378.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lewies A., Du Plessis L. H., Wentzel J. F. Antimicrobial peptides: the Achilles’ heel of antibiotic resistance? Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins. 2019; 11 (2): 370–381. DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9465-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lewies A., Du Plessis L. H., Wentzel J. F. Antimicrobial peptides: the Achilles’ heel of antibiotic resistance? Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins. 2019; 11 (2): 370–381. DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9465-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BaltzerS. A., BrownM. H. Antimicrobial peptides: promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2011; 20 (4): 228–235. DOI: 10.1159/000331009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baltzer S. A., BrownM. H. Antimicrobial peptides: promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2011; 20 (4): 228–235. DOI: 10.1159/000331009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mahlapuu M., Håkansson J., Ringstad L., Björn C. Antimicrobial peptides: an emerging category of therapeutic agents. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2016; 6:194. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00194.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mahlapuu M., Håkansson J., Ringstad L., Björn C. Antimicrobial peptides: an emerging category of therapeutic agents. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2016; 6:194. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00194.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kathayat D., Closs G. Jr., Helmy Y. A., Lokesh D., Ranjit S., Rajashekara G. Peptides aﬀecting the outer membrane lipid asymmetry system (MlaA-OmpC/F) reduce avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) colonization in chickens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2021; 87 (17):e0056721. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00567-21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kathayat D., Closs G. Jr., Helmy Y. A., Lokesh D., Ranjit S., Rajashekara G. Peptides aﬀecting the outer membrane lipid asymmetry system (MlaA-OmpC/F) reduce avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) colonization in chickens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2021; 87 (17):e0056721. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00567-21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ХайтовичА.Б., МурейкоЕ.А. Чувство кворума микроорганизмов как фактор патогенности. Таврический медико-биологический вестник. 2018; 21 (1): 214–220. EDN: XSZOKL.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">KhaitovichA.B., MureikoE.A. Quorum sensing of microorganisms as a factor of pathogenicity. Tavricheskiy Mediko-Biologicheskiy Vestnik. 2018; 21 (1): 214–220. EDN: XSZOKL. (inRuss.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">АбатуровА.Е., КрючкоТ.А. Ингибирование бактериального кворум сенсинга (общие представления). Здоровье ребенка. 2019; 14 (1): 54–59. DOI: 10.22141/2224-0551.14.1.2019.157881.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abaturov А. Е., Kryuchko Т. А. Inhibition of bacterial quorum sensing (general concept). Zdorov’e rebenka. 2019; 14 (1): 54–59. DOI: 10.22141/2224-0551.14.1.2019.157881. (inRuss.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peng L. Y., Yuan M., Wu Z. M., Song K., Zhang C. L., An Q., et al. Anti-bacterial activity of baicalin against APEC through inhibition of quorum sensing and inﬂammatory responses. Sci. Rep. 2019; 9 (1):4063. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40684-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peng L. Y., Yuan M., Wu Z. M., Song K., Zhang C. L., An Q., et al. Anti-bacterial activity of baicalin against APEC through inhibition of quorum sensing and inﬂammatory responses. Sci. Rep. 2019; 9 (1):4063. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40684-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sattar S., Bailie M., Yaqoob A., Khanum S., Fatima K., AltafA. U. R. B., etal. Characterization of two novel lytic bacteriophages having lysis potential against MDR avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains of zoonotic potential. Sci. Rep. 2023; 13 (1):10043. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37176-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sattar S., Bailie M., Yaqoob A., Khanum S., Fatima K., Altaf A. U. R. B.,et al. Characterization of two novel lytic bacteriophages having lysis potential against MDR avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains of zoonotic potential. Sci. Rep. 2023; 13 (1):10043. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37176-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">YaoL., BaoY., HuJ., ZhangB., WangZ., WangX., etal. A lytic phage to control multidrug-resistant avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) infection. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2023; 13:253815. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1253815.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yao L., Bao Y., Hu J., Zhang B., Wang Z., Wang X., et al. A lytic phage to control multidrug-resistant avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) infection. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2023; 13:253815. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1253815.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdelrahman F., Rezk N., Fayez M. S., Abdelmoteleb M., Atteya R., Elhadidy M., El-Shibiny A. Isolation, characterization, and genomic analysis of three novel E. coli bacteriophages that eﬀectively infect E. coli O18. Microorganisms. 2022; 10 (3):589. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030589.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdelrahman F., Rezk N., Fayez M. S., Abdelmoteleb M., Atteya R., Elhadidy M., El-Shibiny A. Isolation, characterization, and genomic analysis of three novel E. coli bacteriophages that eﬀectively infect E. coliO18. Microorganisms. 2022; 10 (3):589. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030589.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsonos J., Oosterik L. H., Tuntufye H. N., Klumpp J., Butaye P., DeGreveH.,etal. Acocktail of in vitro eﬃcient phages is not a guarantee for in vivo therapeutic results against avian colibacillosis. Vet. Microbiol. 2014; 171 (3–4): 470–479. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.10.021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsonos J., Oosterik L. H., Tuntufye H. N., Klumpp J., Butaye P., DeGreveH.,etal. Acocktail of in vitro eﬃcient phages is not a guarantee for in vivo therapeutic results against avian colibacillosis. Vet. Microbiol. 2014; 171 (3–4): 470–479. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.10.021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sørensen P. E., Baig S., Stegger M., Ingmer H., Garmyn A., Butaye P. Spontaneous phage resistance in avian pathogenicEscherichia coli. Front. Microbiol. 2021; 12:782757. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.782757.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sørensen P. E., Baig S., Stegger M., Ingmer H., Garmyn A., Butaye P. Spontaneous phage resistance in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Front. Microbiol. 2021; 12:782757. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.782757.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MakP. H. W., RehmanM. A., KiarieE. G., ToppE., DiarraM. S. Production systems and important antimicrobial resistant-pathogenic bacteria in poultry: a review. J. Animal Sci. Biotechnol. 2022; 13 (1):148. DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00786-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mak P. H. W., Rehman M. A., Kiarie E. G., Topp E., Diarra M. S. Production systems and important antimicrobial resistant-pathogenic bacteria in poultry: a review. J.Animal Sci. Biotechnol. 2022; 13 (1):148. DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00786-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бессарабов Б. Ф., Вашутин А. А., Воронин Е. С. и др. Инфекционные болезни животных. М.: КолосС; 2007. 671 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">BessarabovB.F., VashutinA.A., VoronihE.S.,etal. Infectious diseases of animals. Moscow: KolosS; 2007. 671p. (in Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щепёткина С. В. Лечебно-профилактические мероприятия при болезнях птиц бактериальной этиологии с использованием биокомплексов пробиотических микроорганизмов. Farm Animals. 2015; 2 (9): 78–83. EDN: UCCBCR.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schepetkina S. V. Therapeutic measures in avian diseases bacterial etiology with use of biocomplexes of probiotic microorganisms. Farm Animals. 2015; 2 (9): 78–83. EDN:UCCBCR. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li T., Castañeda C. D., Miotto J., McDaniel C., Kiess A. S., Zhang L. Effects of in ovo probiotic administration on the incidence of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in broilers and an evaluation on its virulence and antimicrobial resistance properties. Poult. Sci. 2021; 100 (3):100903. DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.072.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li T., Castañeda C. D., Miotto J., McDaniel C., Kiess A. S., Zhang L. Effects of inovo probiotic administration on the incidence of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in broilers and an evaluation on its virulence and antimicrobial resistance properties. Poult. Sci. 2021; 100(3):100903. DOI:10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.072.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nicolas M., Faurie A., Girault M., Lavillatte S., Menanteau P., Chaumeil T., et al. In ovo administration of a phage cocktail partially prevents colibacillosis in chicks. Poult. Sci. 2023; 102 (11):102967. DOI: 10.1016/j. psj.2023.102967.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nicolas M., Faurie A., Girault M., Lavillatte S., Menanteau P., Chaumeil T., et al. In ovo administration of a phage cocktail partially prevents colibacillosis in chicks. Poult. Sci. 2023; 102 (11):102967. DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102967.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Новикова О. Б., Павлова М. А., Крюкова В. В. Вакцина против колибактериоза птиц и способ профилактики колибактериоза цыплят раннего возраста. Международный вестник ветеринарии. 2018; 4: 23–27. DOI: 10.17238/issn2072-2419.2018.4.23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novikova O., Pavlova M., Kryukova V. Vaccine against colibacteriosis of birds and the prevetnive method of colibacillosis of early age chickens. International Bulletin of Veterinary Medicine. 2018; 4: 23–27. DOI: 10.17238/issn2072-2419.2018.4.23. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UotaniY., KitaharaR., ImaiT., TsutsumiN., SasakawaC., NagaiS., Nagano T. Eﬃcacy of an avian colibacillosis live vaccine for layer breeder in Japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2017; 79(7): 1215–1219. DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0189.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uotani Y., Kitahara R., Imai T., Tsutsumi N., Sasakawa C., Nagai S., Nagano T. Eﬃcacy of an avian colibacillosis live vaccine for layer breeder in Japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2017; 79(7): 1215–1219. DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0189.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nagano T., Kitahara R., Nagai S. An attenuated mutant of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli serovar O78: a possible live vaccine strain for prevention of avian colibacillosis. Microbiol. Immunol. 2012; 56(9): 605–612. DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00482.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nagano T., Kitahara R., Nagai S. An attenuated mutant of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli serovar O78: a possible live vaccine strain for prevention of avian colibacillosis. Microbiol. Immunol. 2012; 56(9): 605–612. DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00482.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">HuR., LiJ., ZhaoY., LinH., LiangL., WangM., etal. Exploiting bacterial outer membrane vesicles as a cross-protective vaccine candidate against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli(APEC). Microb. Cell. Fact. 2020; 19 (1):119. DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01372-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">HuR., LiJ., ZhaoY., LinH., LiangL., WangM., etal. Exploiting bacterial outer membrane vesicles as a cross-protective vaccine candidate against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). Microb. Cell. Fact. 2020; 19 (1):119. DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01372-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu R., Liu H., Wang M., Li J., Lin H., Liang M., et al. An OMV-based nanovaccine confers safety and protection against pathogenic Escherichia coli via both humoral and predominantly Th1 immune responses in poultry. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2020; 10 (11):2293. DOI: 10.3390/nano10112293.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu R., Liu H., Wang M., Li J., Lin H., Liang M., et al. An OMV-based nanovaccine confers safety and protection against pathogenic Escherichia coli via both humoral and predominantly Th1 immune responses in poultry. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2020; 10 (11):2293. DOI: 10.3390/nano10112293.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soleymani S., Tavassoli A., Hashemi Tabar G., Kalidari G. A., Dehghani H. Design, development, and evaluation of the eﬃcacy of a nucleic acid-free version of a bacterial ghost candidate vaccine against avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) O78:K80 serotype. Vet. Res. 2020; 51 (1):144. DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00867-w.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soleymani S., Tavassoli A., Hashemi Tabar G., Kalidari G. A., Dehghani H. Design, development, and evaluation of the eﬃcacy of a nucleic acid-free version of a bacterial ghost candidate vaccine against avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) O78:K80 serotype. Vet. Res. 2020; 51 (1):144. DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00867-w.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ebrahimi-NikH., BassamiM.R., MohriM., RadM., KhanM.I. Bacterial ghost of avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) serotype O78:K80 as a homologous vaccine against avian colibacillosis. PLoS ONE. 2018; 13 (3):e0194888. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194888.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ebrahimi-NikH., BassamiM.R., MohriM., RadM., KhanM.I. Bacterial ghost of avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) serotype O78:K80 as a homologous vaccine against avian colibacillosis. PLoS ONE. 2018; 13 (3):e0194888. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194888.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
