<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">veterinary</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ветеринария сегодня</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Veterinary Science Today</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2304-196X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6959</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"Veinard"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29326/2304-196X-2023-12-3-215-221</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">veterinary-741</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ | ВЕТЕРИНАРНАЯ МИКРОБИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES | VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Способ получения и хранения гипериммунной сибиреязвенной сыворотки</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Method of obtaining and storing hyperimmune anthrax serum</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4378-8569</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>C. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Иванова Светлана Викторовна, кандидат биологическихнаук, заведующий центром коллективного пользования</p><p>г. Казань, Республика Татарстан</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana V. Ivanova, Candidate of Science (Biology), Head of the Center of Collective Use</p><p>Kazan, Republic of  Tatarstan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">9274281396@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0159-3843</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельникова</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnikova</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мельникова Лилия Арсентьевна, кандидат ветеринарных наук, доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории коллекции штаммов микроорганизмов </p><p>г. Казань, Республика Татарстан</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lilia A. Melnikova, Candidate of Science (Veterinary Medicine), Associate Professor, Leading Researcher, Laboratory for Collection of Strains of Microorganisms</p><p>Kazan, Republic of  Tatarstan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vnivi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0853-5678</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Родионов</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rodionov</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Родионов Александр Павлович, кандидат ветеринарных наук, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории коллекции штаммов микроорганизмов</p><p>г. Казань, Республика Татарстан</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander P.  Rodionov, Candidate of  Science (Veterinary Medicine), Junior Researcher, Laboratory for Collection of Strains of  Microorganisms</p><p>Kazan, Republic of  Tatarstan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexandrvetspets@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9882-3475</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Евстифеев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Evstifeev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Евстифеев Виталий Валерьевич, доктор биологических наук, доцент, главный научный сотрудник отделения вирусологических и ультраструктурных исследований</p><p>г.  Казань, Республика Татарстан</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vitaliy V.  Evstifeev, Doctor of Science (Biology), Associate Professor, Chief Researcher, Department of  Virological and Ultrastructural Research</p><p>Kazan, Republic of  Tatarstan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">evstifeev@vnivi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Федеральный центр токсикологической, радиационной и биологической безопасности» (ФГБНУ «ФЦТРБ-ВНИВИ»)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>FSBSI “Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation, and Biological Safety” (FSBSI “FCTRBS-ARRVI”)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>215</fpage><lpage>221</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Иванова C.В., Мельникова Л.А., Родионов А.П., Евстифеев В.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Иванова C.В., Мельникова Л.А., Родионов А.П., Евстифеев В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivanova S.V., Melnikova L.A., Rodionov A.P., Evstifeev V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/741">https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/741</self-uri><abstract><p>Сибирская язва – особо опасная инфекционная болезнь животных и человека, вызываемая спорообразующей бактерией Bacillusanthracis. В настоящее время данное заболевание широко распространено во многих странах мира. Некоторыерегионы Российской Федерации являются эндемичными по сибирской язве. Большое число средств терапии, диагностики и профилактики сибиреязвенной инфекции разрабатываются на основе гипериммунных сывороток крови. Известные в настоящее время коммерческие сыворотки крови получают путемгипериммунизации лошадей, длящейся в течение 2 мес. и представляющей длительный и дорогостоящий процесс. Данный факт свидетельствует о необходимости разработки более быстрых и дешевых способов получения гипериммунных противосибиреязвенных сывороток крови, что и явилось целью работы. В опыте использовали живую культуру вакцинного штамма 55-ВНИИВВиМ Bacillusanthracis, который применяется в России для создания живых лекарственных препаратов против сибирской язвы животных. В качестве модели для получения сывороток крови были выбраны кролики. В результате проведенной работы подобран способ гипериммунизации кроликов, включающий внутривенное введение антигена в нарастающем объеме по схеме: I инъекция – 0,5 см3 ; II инъекция – 1 см3 ; III инъекция – 2 см3в дозе 100 млн м. к./гол. в1 см3с интервалом между введениями 4 сут. Указанная схема дала возможность получить сыворотку крови с высоким титром антител, равным 14log2 . Для долгосрочного хранения полученной сыворотки отработан режим ее лиофилизации, позволивший достичь остаточной влажности готового препарата в 2%. При изучении длительности хранения лиофилизированной сыворотки было установлено, что исходная активность и физико-химические свойства препарата сохраняются в течение 30 мес. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Anthrax is a highly dangerous disease of animals and humans caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Currently, the disease is widespread in many countries of the world. Many regions of the Russian Federation are anthrax-endemic. A large number of anthrax treatment, diagnosis and prevention tools are developed using hyperimmune serum. Currently known commercial hyperimmune sera areproduced by 2-month long immunization of horses, which is a long and expensive process. This suggests the need to develop faster and cheaper ways to produce anti-anthrax hyperimmune sera; such possible ways became the objective of this study. A live culture of Bacillus anthracis 55-VNIIVViM vaccine strain, used to produce live vaccines against animal anthrax, was used in the experiments. Rabbits were used as animal models. Based on the findings the method of rabbit immunization was selected. The optimal method included intravenous injection of the antigen in increasing amounts according to the following scheme: injection I – 0.5 cm3 ; injection II – 1 cm3 ; injection III – 2 cm3 at a dose of 100 million mc/animal in 1 cm3 , with 4-day interval between injections. This scheme made it possible to produce the serum with a high antibody titer equal to 14 log2 . For long-term storage of the serum produced, the freeze-drying modes were optimized, giving 2% residual moisture content of the finished product. The analysis of the freeze-dried serum storage terms showed that the initial activity and physico-chemical properties of the product are maintained for 30 months. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Bacillus anthracis</kwd><kwd>гипериммунизация</kwd><kwd>сыворотка</kwd><kwd>антиген</kwd><kwd>сибирская язва</kwd><kwd>антитела</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Bacillus anthracis</kwd><kwd>immunization</kwd><kwd>serum</kwd><kwd>antigen</kwd><kwd>anthrax</kwd><kwd>antibodies</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена за счет средств ФГБНУ «ФЦТРБ-ВНИВИ» в рамках научно-исследовательской работы по теме «Разработка серологической тест-системы для исследования напряженности иммунитета у животных, вакцинированных против сибирской язвы в реакции непрямой гемагглютинации</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seid K., Shiferaw A. M., Yesuf N. N., Derso T., Sisay M. Livestock owners’ anthrax prevention practices and its associated factors in Sekota Zuria district, Northeast Ethiopia. BMC Vet. Res. 2020; 16 (1):39. DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2267-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seid K., Shiferaw A. M., Yesuf N. N., Derso T., Sisay M. Livestock owners’ anthrax prevention practices and its associated factors in Sekota Zuria district, Northeast Ethiopia. BMC Vet. Res. 2020; 16 (1):39. DOI: 10.1186/ s12917-020-2267-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванова С. В., Родионов А. П., Мельникова Л. А. Мониторинг факторов потенциальной опасности возникновения вспышек сибирской язвы. Иппология и ветеринария. 2021; 1 (39): 93–100. EDN: RBOFZY.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanova S. V., Rodionov А. P., Melnikova L. А. Monitoring the potential hazards of anthrax outbreaks. Hippology and veterinary. 2021; 1 (39): 93–100. EDN: RBOFZY. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cossaboom C. M., Khaiseb S., Haufiku B., Katjiuanjo P., Kannyinga A., Mbai K., et al. Anthrax epizootic in wildlife, Bwabwata National Park, Namibia, 2017. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2019; 25 (5): 947–950. DOI: 10.3201/eid2505.180867.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cossaboom C. M., Khaiseb S., Haufiku B., Katjiuanjo P., Kannyinga A., Mbai K., et al. Anthrax epizootic in wildlife, Bwabwata National Park, Namibia, 2017. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2019; 25 (5): 947–950. DOI: 10.3201/eid2505.180867.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muturi M., GachohiJ., Mwatondo A., Lekolool I., Gakuya F., Bett A., et al. Recurrent anthrax outbreaksin humans, livestock, and wildlife in the same locality, Kenya, 2014–2017. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2018; 99 (4): 833–839. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0224.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muturi M., GachohiJ., Mwatondo A., Lekolool I., Gakuya F., Bett A., et al. Recurrent anthrax outbreaksin humans, livestock, and wildlife in the same locality, Kenya, 2014–2017. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2018; 99 (4): 833–839. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0224.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mwakapeje E. R., Høgset S., Fyumagwa R., Nonga H. E., Mdegela R. H., Skjerve E. Anthrax outbreaks in the humans – livestock and wildlife interface areas of Northern Tanzania: a retrospective record review 2006–2016. BMC Public Health. 2018; 18:106. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-5007-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mwakapeje E. R., Høgset S., Fyumagwa R., Nonga H. E., Mdegela R. H., Skjerve E. Anthrax outbreaks in the humans – livestock and wildlife interface areas of Northern Tanzania: a retrospective record review 2006–2016. BMC Public Health. 2018; 18:106. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-5007-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Noordhuizen J., Surborg H., Smulders F. J. On the efficacy of current biosecurity measures at EU bordersto prevent the transfer of zoonotic and livestock diseases by travellers. Vet. Q. 2013; 33 (3): 161–171. DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2013.826883.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noordhuizen J., Surborg H., Smulders F. J. On the efficacy of current biosecurity measures at EU bordersto prevent the transfer of zoonotic and livestock diseases by travellers. Vet. Q. 2013; 33 (3): 161–171. DOI: 10.1080/ 01652176.2013.826883.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WAHIS: World Animal Health Information System. Режим доступа: https://wahis.woah.org.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WAHIS: World AnimalHealth Information System. Available at: https:// wahis.woah.org.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivanova S. V., Melnikova L. A., Rodionov A. P., Makaev Kh. N., Safina G. M., Murtazina G. Kh., et al. Analysis of the epizootic situation and improvement ofthe scheme forthe specific prevention of anthrax. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2020; 11 (1): 949–952. DOI: 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1919.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanova S. V., Melnikova L. A., Rodionov A. P., Makaev Kh. N., Safina G. M., Murtazina G. Kh., et al. Analysis of the epizootic situation and improvement ofthe scheme forthe specific prevention of anthrax. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2020; 11 (1): 949–952. DOI: 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1919.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pisarenko S. V., Eremenko E. I., Ryazanova A. G., Kovalev D. A., Buravtseva N. P., Aksenova L. Yu., et al. Genotyping and phylogenetic location of one clinical isolate of Bacillus anthracisisolated from a human in Russia. BMC Microbiol. 2019; 19:165. DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1542-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pisarenko S. V., Eremenko E. I., Ryazanova A. G., Kovalev D. A., Buravtseva N. P., Aksenova L. Yu., et al. Genotyping and phylogenetic location of one clinical isolate of Bacillus anthracisisolated from a human in Russia. BMC Microbiol. 2019; 19:165. DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1542-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liskova E. A., Egorova I. Y., Selyaninov Y. O., Razheva I. V., Gladkova N. A., Toropova N. N., et al. Reindeer anthrax in the Russian Arctic, 2016: climatic determinants of the outbreak and vaccination effectiveness. Front. Vet. Sci. 2021; 8:668420. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.668420.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liskova E. A., Egorova I. Y., Selyaninov Y. O., Razheva I. V., Gladkova N. A., Toropova N. N., et al. Reindeer anthrax in the Russian Arctic, 2016: climatic determinants of the outbreak and vaccination effectiveness. Front. Vet. Sci. 2021; 8:668420. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.668420.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ezhova E., Orlov D., Suhonen E., Kaverin D., Mahura A., Gennadinik V., et al. Climatic factors influencing the anthrax outbreak of 2016 in Siberia, Russia. Ecohealth. 2021; 18 (2): 217–228. DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01549-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ezhova E., Orlov D., Suhonen E., Kaverin D., Mahura A., GennadinikV., et al. Climatic factorsinfluencing the anthrax outbreak of 2016 in Siberia, Russia. Ecohealth. 2021; 18 (2): 217–228. DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01549-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов А. В., Макаев Х. Н., Мельникова Л. А., Барбарова Л. А., Муртазина Г. Х., Иванова С. В., Хисамутдинов А. Г. Способ получения эритроцитарного сибиреязвенного антигена, способ получения контрольной положительной сыворотки для набора определения антител в сыворотке крови животных, вакцинированных против сибирской язвы, в реакции непрямой гемагглютинации и набор для определения антител. Патент № 2599035 Российская Федерация, МПК C12N 1/20 (2006.01), G01N 33/531 (2006.01). ФГБНУ «ФЦТРБ-ВНИВИ». № 2015128403/15. Заявл. 13.07.2015. Опубл. 10.10.2016. Бюл. № 28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov A. V., Makaev Kh. N., Melnikova L. A., Barbarova L. A., Murtazina G. Kh., Ivanova S. V., Khisamutdinov A. G. Method of obtaining erythrocyte antigen of anthrax antigen, method of obtaining control positive serum for kit of detection of antibodies in the blood serum of animals vaccinated against anthrax, in the reaction of indirect hemagglutination and kit for detection of antibodies. Patent No. 2599035 Russian Federation, Int. Cl. C12N 1/20 (2006.01), G01N 33/531 (2006.01). FSBSI “FCTRBS-ARRVI”. Application: 2015128403/15. Date of filing: 13.07.2015. Date of publication: 10.10.2016. Bull. No. 28. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Романов Г. И., Маничев А. А., Саленко Л. С., Степанова В. В., Захаров Д. Г., Комелина Л. И. и др. Способ изготовления сыворотки против сибирской язвы. Патент № 1347224 Российская Федерация. МПК А 61 К39/40. Всесоюзный государственный научно-контрольный институт ветпрепаратов. № 4066843/13. Заявл. 08.05.1986. Опубл. 20.11.1995.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romanov G.  I., Manichev A.  A., Salenko L.  S., Stepanova V. V., Zakharov D. G., Komelina L. I., et al. Method for producing serum against anthrax. Patent No. 1347224 Russian Federation, Int. Cl. 61 К39/40. Vsesojuznyj gosudarstvennyj nauchnokontrol’nyj institut vetpreparatov. Application: 4066843/13. Date of filing: 08.05.1986. Date of publication: 20.11.1995. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баврина А. П. Современные правила применения параметрических и непараметрических критериев в статистическом анализе медико-биологических данных. Медицинский альманах. 2021; 1 (66): 64–73. EDN: IZXMBZ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bavrina А. P. Modern rules for the use of parametric and nonparametric tools in the statistical analysis of biomedical data. Medical Almanac. 2021; 1 (66): 64–73. EDN: IZXMBZ. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fissore D., McCoy T. Editorial: freeze-drying and process analytical technology for pharmaceuticals. Front. Chem. 2018; 6:622. DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00622.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fissore D., McCoy T. Editorial: freeze-drying and process analytical technology for pharmaceuticals. Front. Chem. 2018; 6:622. DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00622.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kelly C. D., O’Loughlin C., Gelder F. B., Peterson J. W., Sower L. E., Cirino N. M. Rapid generation of an anthrax immunotherapeutic from goats using a novel non-toxic muramyl dipeptide adjuvant. J. Immune Based Ther. Vaccines. 2007; 5:11. DOI: 10.1186/1476-8518-5-11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelly C. D., O’Loughlin C., Gelder F. B., Peterson J. W., Sower L. E., Cirino N. M. Rapid generation of an anthrax immunotherapeutic from goats using a novel non-toxic muramyl dipeptide adjuvant. J. Immune Based Ther. Vaccines. 2007; 5:11. DOI: 10.1186/1476-8518-5-11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beedham R. J., Turnbull P. C., Williamson E. D. Passive transfer of protection against Bacillus anthracisinfection in a murine model. Vaccine. 2001; 19 (31): 4409–4416. DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00197-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beedham R. J., Turnbull P. C., Williamson E. D. Passive transfer of protection against Bacillus anthracisinfection in a murine model. Vaccine. 2001; 19 (31): 4409–4416. DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00197-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kobiler D., GozesY., Rosenberg H., Marcus D., Reuveny S., Altboum Z. Efficiency of protection of guinea pigs against infection with Bacillus anthracisspores by passive immunization. Infect. Immun. 2002; 70 (2): 544–560. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.70.2.544-550.2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kobiler D., GozesY., Rosenberg H., Marcus D., Reuveny S., Altboum Z. Efficiency of protection of guinea pigs against infection with Bacillus anthracisspores by passive immunization. Infect. Immun. 2002; 70 (2): 544–560. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.70.2.544-550.2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Herrmann J. E., Wang S., Zhang C., Panchal R. G., Bavari S., Lyons C. R., et al. Passive immunotherapy of Bacillus anthracis pulmonary infection in mice with antisera produced by DNA immunization. Vaccine. 2006; 24 (31–32): 5872–5880. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.065.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Herrmann J.  E., Wang S., Zhang C., Panchal R.  G., Bavari S., Lyons C. R., et al. Passive immunotherapy of Bacillus anthracis pulmonary infection in mice with antisera produced by DNA immunization. Vaccine. 2006; 24 (31–32): 5872–5880. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.065.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reuveny S., White M. D., Adar Y. Y., Kafri Y., Altboum Z., Gozes Y., et al. Search for correlates of protective immunity conferred by anthrax vaccine. Infect. Immun. 2001; 69 (5): 2888–2893. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.69.5.2888-2893.2001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reuveny S., White M. D., Adar Y. Y., Kafri Y., Altboum Z., Gozes Y., et al. Search for correlates of protective immunity conferred by anthrax vaccine. Infect. Immun. 2001; 69 (5): 2888–2893. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.69.5.2888-2893.2001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caldwell M., Hathcock T., Brock K. V. Passive protection against anthrax in mice with plasma derived from horses hyper-immunized against Bacillus anthracis Sterne strain. PeerJ. 2017; 5:e3907. DOI: 10.7717/ peerj.3907.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caldwell M., Hathcock T., Brock K. V. Passive protection against anthrax in mice with plasma derived from horses hyper-immunized against Bacillus anthracis Sterne strain. PeerJ. 2017; 5:e3907. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3907.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Plotkin S., Grabenstein J. D. Countering anthrax: vaccines and immunoglobulins. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008; 46 (1): 129–136. DOI: 10.1086/523578.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plotkin S., Grabenstein J. D. Countering anthrax: vaccines and immunoglobulins. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008; 46 (1): 129–136. DOI: 10.1086/523578.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kummerfeldt C. E. Raxibacumab: potential role in the treatment of inhalational anthrax. Infect. Drug. Resist. 2014; 7: 101–109. DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S47305.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kummerfeldt C. E. Raxibacumab: potential role in the treatment of inhalational anthrax. Infect. Drug. Resist. 2014; 7: 101–109. DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S47305.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chitlaru T., Altboum Z., Reuveny S., Shafferman A. Progress and novel strategies in vaccine development and treatment of anthrax. Immunol. Rev. 2011; 239 (1): 221–236. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00969.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chitlaru T., Altboum Z., Reuveny S., Shafferman A. Progress and novel strategies in vaccine development and treatment of anthrax. Immunol. Rev. 2011; 239 (1): 221–236. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00969.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schneemann A., Manchester M. Anti-toxin antibodiesin prophylaxis and treatment of inhalation anthrax. Future Microbiol. 2009; 4 (1): 35–43. DOI: 10.2217/17460913.4.1.35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schneemann A., Manchester M. Anti-toxin antibodiesin prophylaxis and treatment of inhalation anthrax. Future Microbiol. 2009; 4 (1): 35–43. DOI: 10.2217/17460913.4.1.35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang E., Pillai S. K., Bower W. A., Hendricks K. A., Guarnizo J. T., Hoyle J. D., et al. Antitoxin treatment of inhalation anthrax: a systematic review. Health Secur. 2015; 13 (6): 365–377. DOI: 10.1089/hs.2015.0032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang E., Pillai S. K., Bower W. A., Hendricks K. A., Guarnizo J. T., Hoyle J. D., et al. Antitoxin treatment of inhalation anthrax: a systematic review. Health Secur. 2015; 13 (6): 365–377. DOI: 10.1089/hs.2015.0032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Firstova V. V., Shakhova A. S., Riabko A. K., Silkina M. V., Zeninskaya N. A., Romanenko Y. O., et al. Characterization of the adaptive immune response of donors receiving live anthrax vaccine. PLoS One. 2021; 16 (12):e0260202. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260202.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Firstova V. V., Shakhova A.  S., Riabko A. K., Silkina M. V., Zeninskaya N. A., Romanenko Y. O., et al. Characterization of the adaptive immune response of donors receiving live anthrax vaccine. PLoS One. 2021; 16 (12):e0260202. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260202.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brogna R., Oldenhof H., Sieme H., Figueiredo C., Kerrinnes T., WolkersW. F. Increasing storage stability of freeze-dried plasma using trehalose. PLoS One. 2020; 15 (6):e0234502. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234502.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brogna R., Oldenhof H., Sieme H., Figueiredo C., Kerrinnes T., WolkersW. F. Increasing storage stability of freeze-dried plasma using trehalose. PLoS One. 2020; 15 (6):e0234502. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234502.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
