<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">veterinary</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ветеринария сегодня</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Veterinary Science Today</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2304-196X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6959</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"Veinard"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29326/2304-196X-2023-12-2-126-132</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">veterinary-726</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ | БОЛЕЗНИ МРС</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES | SMALL RUMINANTS DISEASES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Клинические признаки и патоморфологические изменения при артрите-энцефалите коз</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Clinical signs of caprine arthritis-encephalitis and disease-related pathomorphological changes</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0537-6659</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коптев</surname><given-names>В. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koptev</surname><given-names>V. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Коптев Вячеслав Юрьевич, кандидат ветеринарных наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории болезней молодняка</p><p>630501, Новосибирская обл., р. п. Краснообск, а/я 8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vyacheslav Yu. Koptev, Candidate of Science (Veterinary Medicine), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Diseases of Young Animals</p><p>630501, Novosibirsk Oblast, Krasnoobsk, p/o box 8</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kastrolog@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5124-2208</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шкиль</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shkil</surname><given-names>N. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шкиль Николай Алексеевич, доктор ветеринарных наук, профессор, заведующий лабораторией болезней молодняка</p><p>р. п. Краснообск, Новосибирская обл.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolay A. Shkil, Doctor of Science (Veterinary Medicine), Professor, Head of Laboratory of Diseases of Young Animals</p><p>Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk Oblast</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shkil52@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8786-3738</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балыбина</surname><given-names>Н. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Balybina</surname><given-names>N. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Балыбина Наталья Юрьевна, научный сотрудник лаборатории болезней молодняка</p><p>р. п. Краснообск, Новосибирская обл.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalya Yu. Balybina, Researcher, Laboratory of Diseases of Young Animals</p><p>Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk Oblast</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">n.balybina@alumni.nsu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6328-2509</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пенькова</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Penkova</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пенькова Изабелла Николаевна, аспирант лаборатории болезней молодняка</p><p>р. п. Краснообск, Новосибирская обл.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Izabella N. Penkova, Postgraduate, Laboratory of Diseases of Young Animals</p><p>Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk Oblast</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">penkova_izabella@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН Сибирский федеральный научный центр агробиотехнологий Российской академии наук (СФНЦА РАН)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SFSCA RAS)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>126</fpage><lpage>132</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Коптев В.Ю., Шкиль Н.А., Балыбина Н.Ю., Пенькова И.Н., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коптев В.Ю., Шкиль Н.А., Балыбина Н.Ю., Пенькова И.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Koptev V.Y., Shkil N.А., Balybina N.Y., Penkova I.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/726">https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/726</self-uri><abstract><p>Последнее десятилетие на территории Российской Федерации наблюдается резкое увеличение поголовья мелкого рогатого скота, в частности коз, со держащихся в личных подсобных и крестьянских фермерских хозяйствах. При этом все чаще ветеринарные специалисты начали сталкиваться с клническими признаками заболеваний, ранее не регистрировавшихся в нашей стране либо встречавшихся в виде спорадических случаев. Одним из них является вирусный артрит-энцефалит коз – хроническое инфекционное заболевание, вызываемое лентивирусом мелких жвачных животных семейства Retroviridae, включающим в себя четыре генотипа, два из которых имеют эпизоотическое значение: генотип А (вирус маеди-висна – MVV) и генотип В (вирус артрита-энцефалита коз – CAEV). Артрит-энцефалит коз характеризуется длительным бессимптомным вирусоносительством с последующим развитием клинических признаков поражения органов дыхания, суставов конечностей и вымени, а также нервными явлениями у козлят 2–3-месячного возраста. Клинические признаки артрита-энцефалита коз не являются патогномоничными, вследствие чего ветеринарные специалисты, сталкиваясь с данной симптоматикой, часто ставят ложные диагнозы, что приводит к низкой эффективности терапевтических мероприятий. Учитывая вышеуказаный факт, вопрос прижизненной и посмертной диагностики артрита-энцефалита коз до сих пор остается актуальным, так как большинство ветеринарных специалистов никогда не сталкивались с данным заболеванием, а имеющиеся в литературе данные часто недостаточно подробно освещают все нюансы клинической и патоморфологической картины данной патологии. Исходя из этого, целью работы было изучить клинические признаки и патоморфологические изменения при вирусном артрите-энцефалите коз. В статье подробно рассматриваются клинические проявления данного заболевания, описаны патолого-анатомические изменения в органах и тканях больных животных. Полученные результаты указывают на необратимость деструктивных изменений в пораженных органах и, как следствие, на отсутствие эффективных способов терапии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Over the past ten years, the small ruminant population in the Russian Federation grew sharply, especially goat population in backyards and on small-scale farms. Alongside with the population growth, clinical signs of some sporadic diseases or diseases that had not been previously registered were detected in animals. Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) is one of such diseases. It is a chronic infectious disease caused by a small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) of the Retroviridae family, which includes four genotypes, of which genotypes A (maedi-visna – MVV virus) and B (caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus – CAEV) are of epizootic significance. The disease is characterized by long asymptomatic viral transmission and is associated with progressive lesions in the respiratory organs, joints and udder. The disease also affects nervous system in kid goats aged between 2 and 3 months. Clinical signs of caprine arthritis-encephalitis are not pathognomonic; therefore, it is often misdiagnosed, thus, resulting in a barrier to effective treatment. Given the fact, the issue of antemortem and postmortem diagnosis of caprine arthritis-encephalitis is still urgent, because most veterinary specialists have never encountered this disease and the data available in the literature often do not fully cover all clinical details and pathomorphological features. Therefore, the purpose of the work is to study CAE clinical signs and pathomorphological changes. The article describes in detail clinical manifestation of this disease, postmortem lesions in organs and tissues of the sick animals. The results obtained suggest that the destructive changes in the exposed organs are irreversible and, consequently, there is no effective treatment.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>артрит-энцефалит коз</kwd><kwd>лентивирус</kwd><kwd>пневмония</kwd><kwd>патоморфологическая картина</kwd><kwd>мелкий рогатый скот</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>caprine arthritis-encephalitis</kwd><kwd>lentivirus</kwd><kwd>pneumonia</kwd><kwd>pathomorphological features</kwd><kwd>small ruminants</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramírez H., Reina R., Amorena B., de Andrés D., Martínez H. A. Small ruminant lentiviruses: genetic variability, tropism and diagnosis. Viruses. 2013; 5 (4): 1175–1207. DOI: 10.3390/v5041175.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramírez H., Reina R., Amorena B., de Andrés D., Martínez H. A. Small ruminant lentiviruses: genetic variability, tropism and diagnosis. Viruses. 2013; 5 (4): 1175–1207. DOI: 10.3390/v5041175.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moroz A., Czopowicz M., Sobczak-Filipiak M., Dolka I., Rzewuska M., Kizerwetter-Świda M., et al. The prevalence of histopathological features of pneumonia in goats with symptomatic caprine arthritis-encephalitis. Pathogens. 2022; 11 (6):629. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060629.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moroz A., Czopowicz M., Sobczak-Filipiak M., Dolka I., Rzewuska M., Kizerwetter-Świda M., et al. The prevalence of histopathological features of pneumonia in goats with symptomatic caprine arthritis-encephalitis. Pathogens. 2022; 11 (6):629. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060629.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Banks K. L., Adams D. S., McGuire T. C., Carlson J. Experimental infection ofsheep by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and goats by progressive pneumonia virus. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1983; 44 (12): 2307–2311. PMID: 6318613.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Banks  K.  L., Adams  D.  S., McGuire T.  C., Carlson  J. Experimental infection of sheep by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and goats by progressive pneumonia virus. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1983; 44 (12): 2307–2311. PMID: 6318613.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pasick J. Maedi-visna virus and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus: distinctspecies or quasispecies and itsimplicationsforlaboratory diagnosis. Can. J. Vet. Res. 1998; 62 (4): 241–244. PMID: 9798087.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pasick J. Maedi-visna virus and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus: distinct species or quasispecies and its implications for laboratory diagnosis. Can. J. Vet. Res. 1998; 62 (4): 241–244. PMID: 9798087.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shah C., Böni J., Huder J. B., Vogt H. R., Mühlherr J., Zanoni R., et al. Phylogenetic analysis and reclassification of caprine and ovine lentiviruses based on 104 new isolates: evidence for regular sheep-to-goat transmission and worldwide propagation through livestock trade. Virology. 2004; 319 (1): 12–26. DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2003.09.047.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shah C., Böni J., Huder J. B., Vogt H. R., Mühlherr J., Zanoni R., et al. Phylogenetic analysis and reclassification of caprine and ovine lentiviruses based on 104 new isolates: evidence for regular sheep-to-goat transmission and worldwide propagation through livestock trade. Virology. 2004; 319 (1): 12–26. DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2003.09.047.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pisoni G., Quasso A., Moroni P. Phylogenetic analysis of small-ruminant lentivirus subtype B1 in mixed flocks: evidence for natural transmission from goats to sheep. Virology. 2005; 339 (2): 147–152. DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.06.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pisoni G., Quasso A., Moroni P. Phylogenetic analysis of small-ruminant lentivirus subtype B1 in mixed flocks: evidence for natural transmission from goats to sheep. Virology. 2005; 339 (2): 147–152. DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.06.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">PisoniG., BertoniG., Puricelli M., Maccalli M., Moroni P. Demonstration of coinfection with and recombination by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and maedi-visna virus in naturally infected goats. J. Virol. 2007; 81 (10): 4948–4955. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00126-07.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pisoni G., Bertoni G., Puricelli M., Maccalli M., Moroni P. Demonstration of coinfection with and recombination by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and maedi-visna virus in naturally infected goats. J. Virol. 2007; 81 (10): 4948–4955. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00126-07.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leroux C., Cruz J. C., Mornex J. F. SRLVs: a genetic continuum of lentiviralspeciesin sheep and goats with cumulative evidence of crossspecies transmission. Curr. HIV Res. 2010; 8 (1): 94–100. DOI: 10.2174/157016210790416415.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leroux C., Cruz J. C., Mornex J. F. SRLVs: a genetic continuum of lentiviral species in sheep and goats with cumulative evidence of cross species transmission. Curr. HIV Res. 2010; 8 (1): 94–100. DOI: 10.2174/157016210790416415.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Preziuso S., Taccini E., Rossi G., Renzoni G., Braca G. Experimental maedi visna virus infection in sheep: a morphological, immunohistochemical and PCR study after three years of infection. Eur. J. Histochem. 2003; 47 (4): 373–378. PMID: 14706934.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Preziuso S., Taccini E., Rossi G., Renzoni G., Braca G. Experimental maedi visna virus infection in sheep: a morphological, immunohistochemical and PCR study after three years of infection. Eur. J. Histochem. 2003; 47 (4): 373–378. PMID: 14706934.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith M. C., Sherman D. M. Goat Medicine. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009; 348–359.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith M. C., Sherman D. M. Goat Medicine. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009; 348–359.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaba J., Czopowicz M., Ganter M., Nowicki M., Witkowski L., Nowicka D., Szaluś-Jordanow O. Risk factors associated with seropositivity to small ruminant lentivirusesin goat herds. Res. Vet. Sci. 2013; 94 (2): 225–227. DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.09.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaba J., Czopowicz M., Ganter M., Nowicki M., Witkowski L., Nowicka D., Szaluś-Jordanow O. Risk factors associated with seropositivity to small ruminant lentiviruses in goat herds. Res. Vet. Sci. 2013; 94 (2): 225–227. DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.09.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пенькова И. Н., Балыбина Н. Ю., Коптев В. Ю. Выявление серопозитивных по артриту-энцефалиту коз животных на территории Сибирского и Уральского федеральных округов. Ветеринария. 2022; (3): 34–38. DOI: 10.30896/0042-4846.2022.25.3.34-37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Penkova I. N., Balybina N. Yu., Koptev V. Yu. Detection of animals seropositive for arthritis-encephalitis in goats in the Siberian and Ural Federal districts. Veterinariya. 2022; (3): 34–38. DOI:  10.30896/0042-4846.2022.25.3.34-37. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kojouri G. A., Emami M., Momtaz H. The first molecular detection of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) in Iran. J. Veterinar. Sci. Technol. 2014; 5 (3): 1000184. DOI: 10.4172/2157-7579.1000184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kojouri G. A., Emami M., Momtaz H. The first molecular detection of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) in Iran. J. Veterinar. Sci. Technol. 2014; 5 (3): 1000184. DOI: 10.4172/2157-7579.1000184.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jarczak J., Kaba J., Bagnicka E. The validation of housekeeping genes as a reference in quantitative real time PCR analysis: application in the milk somatic cells and frozen whole blood of goats infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. Gene. 2014; 549 (2): 280–285. DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.07.063.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jarczak J., Kaba  J., Bagnicka  E. The validation of housekeeping genes as a reference in quantitative real time PCR analysis: application in the milk somatic cells and frozen whole blood of goats infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. Gene. 2014; 549 (2): 280–285. DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.07.063.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De AndrésD., KleinD., WattN. J., Berriatua E., Torsteinsdottir S., Blacklaws B. A., Harkiss G. D. Diagnostic testsforsmall ruminant lentiviruses. Vet. Microbiol. 2005; 107 (1–2): 49–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.01.012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Andrés D., Klein D., Watt N. J., Berriatua E., Torsteinsdottir S., Blacklaws B. A., Harkiss G. D. Diagnostic tests for small ruminant lentiviruses. Vet. Microbiol. 2005; 107 (1–2): 49–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.01.012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rowe J. D., East N. E. Risk factors for transmission and methods for control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection. Vet. Clin. North. Am. Food Anim. Pract. 1997; 13 (1): 35–53. DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30363-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rowe J. D., East N. E. Risk factors for transmission and methods for control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection. Vet. Clin. North. Am. Food Anim. Pract. 1997; 13 (1): 35–53. DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30363-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кудряшов А. А., Балабанова В. И., Бабина С. Ю. Патоморфологические изменения в легких и головном мозге при вирусном артрите-энцефалите коз. Актуальные вопросы ветеринарной биологии. 2014; 3 (23): 54–58. EDN: SPCQYJ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kudryashov A. A., Balabanova V. I., Babina S. Yu. Pathomorphological findings in lungs and brain at caprine arthritis-encephalitis. Actual Questions of Veterinary Biology. 2014; (3): 54–58. EDN: SPCQYJ. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaba J., Bagnicka E., Czopowicz M., Nowicki M., Witkowski L., Szalus-Jordanow O. Long-term study on the spread of caprine arthritis-encephalitis in a goat herd. Cent. Eur. J. Immunol. 2011; 36 (3): 170–173.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaba  J., Bagnicka  E., Czopowicz  M., Nowicki  M., Witkowski  L., Szalus-Jordanow O. Long-term study on the spread of caprine arthritis-encephalitis in a goat herd. Cent. Eur. J. Immunol. 2011; 36 (3): 170–173.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaba J., Czopowicz M., Nowicki M., Nowicka D., Witkowski L., Szaluś-Jordanow O. Role caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection in the occurrence of particular clinical symptoms in adult goats. Bulletin USAMV. Serie Veterinary Medicine. 2012; 69 (1–2). DOI: 10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:69:1-2:8849.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaba  J., Czopowicz  M., Nowicki  M., Nowicka  D., Witkowski  L., Szaluś-Jordanow  O. Role caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection in the occurrence of particular clinical symptoms in adult goats. Bulletin USAMV. Serie Veterinary Medicine. 2012; 69 (1–2). DOI: 10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:69:1-2:8849.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Артрит-энцефалит коз. В кн.: Медленные инфекции животных. Н. И. Архипов, И. А. Бакулов, Л. И. Соковых. М.: Агропромиздат; 1987; 79–82.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caprine arthritis-encephalitis. In: Slow infections of animals. N. I. Arhipov, I. A. Bakulov, L. I. Sokovyh. Moscow: Agropromizdat; 1987; 79–82. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones T. C., Hunt R. D., King N. W. Veterinary pathology. 6th ed. Baltimore, Md.: Williams &amp; Wilkins; 1997. 1392 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones T. C., Hunt R. D., King N. W. Veterinary pathology. 6th ed. Baltimore, Md.: Williams &amp; Wilkins; 1997. 1392 p</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jubb K., Kennedy P., PalmerN. Pathology of domestic animals. Ed. by M. Maxie. Vol. 1–3. 5th ed. Edinburgh; New York: Elsevier Saunders; 2007. 932 р.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jubb K., Kennedy P., Palmer N. Pathology of domestic animals. Ed. by M. Maxie. Vol. 1–3. 5th ed. Edinburgh; New York: Elsevier Saunders; 2007. 932 р.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кудряшов А. А. Патологоанатомическое вскрытие трупов животных. Часть 1. Условия вскрытия; порядок вскрытия трупов животных разных видов. Ветеринарная практика. 2004; (4): 27–31. EDN: YZUOJO.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koudryashov A. A. Pathoanatomical opening of corpses of animals. Part 1. Conditions of opening; the order of opening of corpses of different animals. Veterinarnaya praktika. 2004; (4): 27–31. EDN: YZUOJO. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
