<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">veterinary</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ветеринария сегодня</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Veterinary Science Today</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2304-196X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6959</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"Veinard"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29326/2304-196X-2023-12-1-45-51</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">veterinary-708</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КОРОНАВИРУСНАЯ ИНФЕКЦИЯ (COVID-19)</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19)</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Разработка тест-системы для обнаружения РНК вируса SARS-CoV-2 в биоматериале от животных методом полимеразной цепной реакции</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Development of polymerase chain reaction kit  for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in biological samples collected from animals</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0109-3507</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимина</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Timina</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тимина Анна Михайловна, кандидат ветеринарных наук, старший научный сотрудник референтной лаборатории по особо опасным болезням</p><p>г.  Владимир</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna M. Timina, Candidate of Science (Veterinary Medicine), Senior Researcher, Reference Laboratory for Highly Dangerous Diseases</p><p>Vladimir</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">timina@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9211-9110</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яковлева</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakovleva</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Яковлева Анастасия Сергеевна, кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник референтной лаборатории по особо опасным болезням</p><p>г.  Владимир</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia S. Yakovleva, Candidate of Science (Biology), Senior Researcher, Reference Laboratory for Highly Dangerous Diseases</p><p>Vladimir</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yakovleva@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-3043</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тиманов</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Timanov</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тиманов Максим Викторович, ведущий ветеринарный врач референтной лаборатории по особо опасным болезням</p><p>г.  Владимир</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maksim V. Timanov, Leading Veterinarian, Reference Laboratory for Highly Dangerous Diseases</p><p>Vladimir</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">timanov@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9131-8839</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бирюченкова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Biryuchenkova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бирюченкова Марина Вячеславовна, кандидат биологических наук, научный сотрудник референтной лаборатории по особо опасным болезням</p><p>г.  Владимир</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Мarina V.  Biryuchenkova, Candidate of Science (Biology),  Researcher, Reference Laboratory for Highly Dangerous Diseases</p><p>Vladimir</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">biruchenkova@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0568-2680</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Орлова</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Orlova</surname><given-names>Ye. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Орлова Елена Сергеевна, кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник референтной лаборатории по особо опасным болезням</p><p>г.  Владимир</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yelena S.  Orlova, Candidate of Science (Biology), Leading Researcher, Reference Laboratory for Highly Dangerous Diseases</p><p>Vladimir</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">orlova@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Федеральный центр охраны здоровья животных» (ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ»)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>FGBI “Federal Centre for Animal Health” (FGBI “ARRIAH”)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>45</fpage><lpage>51</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тимина А.М., Яковлева А.С., Тиманов М.В., Бирюченкова М.В., Орлова Е.С., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тимина А.М., Яковлева А.С., Тиманов М.В., Бирюченкова М.В., Орлова Е.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Timina A.M., Yakovleva A.S., Timanov M.V., Biryuchenkova M.V., Orlova Y.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/708">https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/708</self-uri><abstract><p>Сегодня внимание всего мирового сообщества приковано к одной общей проблеме – распространению новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19). С конца декабря 2019 г. коронавирус SARS-CoV-2 охватил большинство стран мира, и 11 марта 2020 г. Всемирной организацией здравоохранения была объявлена пандемия. Глобальное распространение COVID-19 не ограничилось человеческой популяцией, и возникла необходимость тестирования домашних и сельскохозяйственных животных, находящихся в контакте с человеком. Появляется все больше сообщений о выявлении SARS-CoV-2 у норок, хорьков, собак, кошек, тигров, львов и других животных. Основным методом диагностики COVID-19 на сегодняшний день является полимеразная цепная реакция, однако все существующие в настоящее время тест-системы предназначаются для выявления вируса у людей. В статье представлены данные по разработке метода обнаружения РНК вируса SARS-CoV-2 в биоматериале от животных с помощью полимеразной цепной реакции в реальном времени. В процессе проведенных исследований выбрана оптимальная система праймеров и зонд, отработаны условия реакции, определены основные валидационные характеристики метода (чувствительность, специфичность, воспроизводимость). В результате проведения валидации установлено, что он отвечает требованиям, предъявляемым к качественным методам измерений/испытаний, и может применяться в диагностических исследованиях. На основе разработанного метода создана тест-система для выявления РНК вируса SARS-CoV-2 в биоматериале от животных, которая внедрена в ветеринарную практику. Проведены скрининговые исследования популяций животных из различных регионов Российской Федерации с целью выявления генома нового коронавируса. Показано, что среди травоядных животных Российской Федерации вирус SARS-CoV-2 не встречается. Среди домашних животных-компаньонов специалистами ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ» был зафиксирован лишь один положительный случай. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Today, global attention is drawn to the samecommon problem – spread of the novelCOVID-19 infection. From the end of December 2019 novelSARS-CoV-2 virus spreadover the majority of the countriesandon 11 March 2020 the World Health Organization announced pandemic. GlobalspreadofCOVID-19 was not limited to the human population and the rewasa need to test pet sand farm animals, whowere in contactwith the humans. The reare more and morere portson SARS-CoV-2 detected in minks, ferrets, dogs, cats, tigers, lions and other animals. Today the key methodofCOVID-19 diagnosis is polymerase chain reaction, butall currently availabletest-kits are intended for the virus detection in humans. The paper demonstrates data on the development of thereal-timePCR-basedmethodforSARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in the biological samples collected from animals. During the research, an optimal system of primers and aprobe were selected, reaction conditions were tested, basic validation specifications (sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility) wereset. The validation results demonstrated that the method met all the criteria of the high-quality measurement/test method sand it can be used for diagnostic tests. Thetest-kitwas based of the method in tended for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in animal biological samples and it was put into the veterinary practice. Animal populations in different regions of the Russian Federation were subjected to the screening tests in order to detect the novel coronavirus genome. NoSARS-CoV-2 was reported in her bivorous animals in the Russian Federation. TheFGBI “ARRIAH” experts detected only one positive pet animal. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>новый коронавирус SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>полимеразная цепная реакция в реальном времени</kwd><kwd>тест-система</kwd><kwd>биоматериал от животных</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>novel SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>real-time polymerase chain reaction</kwd><kwd>test-kit</kwd><kwd>animal biological sample</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена за счет средств ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ» в рамках тематики научно-исследовательских работ «Ветеринарное благополучие». Авторы благодарят сотрудников ФГБУ «НИИ гриппа им. А. А. Смородинцева» Минздрава России за предоставленные образцы биоматериала, полученного от людей.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was funded by the FGBI “ARRIAH” as a part of the research activities “Animal Health and Welfare”. The authors are grateful to  the specialists of the Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza (Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation) for the kindly provided human biological samples.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou P., Yang X. L., Wang X. G., Hu B., Zhang L., Zhang W., et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020; 579 (7798): 270–273. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020- 2012-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou P., Yang X.  L., Wang X. G., Hu B., Zhang L., Zhang W., et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020; 579 (7798): 270–273. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gorbalenya A. E., Baker S. C., Baric R. S., de Groot R. J., Drosten C., Gulyaeva A. A. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Microbiol. 2020; 5 (4): 536–544. DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorbalenya A. E., Baker S. C., Baric R. S., de Groot R. J., Drosten C., Gulyaeva A. A. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Microbiol. 2020; 5 (4): 536–544. DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kiros M., Andualem H., Kiros T., Hailemichael W., Getu S., Geteneh A., et al. COVID-19 pandemic: current knowledge about the role of pets and other animals in disease transmission. Virol. J. 2020; 17 (1):143. DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01416-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kiros M., Andualem H., Kiros T., Hailemichael W., Getu S., Geteneh A., et al. COVID-19 pandemic: current knowledge about the role of pets and other animals in disease transmission. Virol. J. 2020; 17 (1):143. DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01416-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ciotti M., Ciccozzi M., Terrinoni A., Jiang W. C., Wang C. B., Bernardini S. The COVID-19 pandemic. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 2020; 57 (6): 365–388. DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2020.1783198.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ciotti M., Ciccozzi M., Terrinoni A., Jiang W. C., Wang C. B., Bernardini S. The COVID-19 pandemic. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 2020; 57 (6): 365–388. DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2020.1783198.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hsih W. H., Cheng M. Y., Ho M. W., Chou C. H., Lin P. C., Chi C. Y., et al. Featuring COVID-19 cases via screening symptomatic patients with epidemiologic link during flu season in a medical center of central Taiwan. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 2020; 53 (3): 459–466. DOI: 10.1016/j. jmii.2020.03.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hsih W. H., Cheng M. Y., Ho M. W., Chou C. H., Lin P. C., Chi C. Y., et al. Featuring COVID-19 cases via screening symptomatic patients with epidemiologic link during flu season in a medical center of central Taiwan. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 2020; 53 (3): 459–466. DOI: 10.1016/j. jmii.2020.03.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">do Vale B., Lopes A. P., Fontes M. D. C., Silvestre M., Cardoso L., Coelho A. C. Bats, pangolins, minks and other animals – villains or victims of SARS-CoV-2? Vet. Res. Commun. 2021; 45 (1): 1–19. DOI: 10.1007/s11259- 021-09787-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">do Vale B., Lopes A. P., Fontes M. D. C., Silvestre M., Cardoso L., Coelho A. C. Bats, pangolins, minks and other animals – villains or victims of SARS-CoV-2? Vet. Res. Commun. 2021; 45 (1): 1–19. DOI: 10.1007/s11259- 021-09787-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">CuiJ., Li F., Shi Z. L. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2019; 17 (3): 181–192. DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CuiJ., Li F., Shi Z. L. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2019; 17 (3): 181–192. DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ning S., Yu B., WangY., Wang F. SARS-CoV-2: origin, evolution, and targeting inhibition. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2021; 11:676451. DOI: 10.3389/ fcimb.2021.676451.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ning S., Yu B., WangY., Wang F. SARS-CoV-2: origin, evolution, and targeting inhibition. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2021; 11:676451. DOI: 10.3389/ fcimb.2021.676451.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang M. Y., Zhao R., Gao L. J., Gao X. F., Wang D. P., Cao J. M. SARS-CoV-2: structure, biology, and structure-based therapeutics development. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2020; 10:587269. DOI: 10.3389/ fcimb.2020.587269.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang M. Y., Zhao R., Gao L. J., Gao X.  F., Wang D.  P., Cao J.  M. SARS-CoV-2: structure, biology, and structure-based therapeutics development. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2020; 10:587269. DOI: 10.3389/ fcimb.2020.587269.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farag E. A., Islam M. M., Enan K., El-Hussein A. M., BansalD., Haroun M. SARS-CoV-2 at the human-animal interphase: A review. Heliyon. 2021; 7 (12):e08496. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08496.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farag E. A., Islam M. M., Enan K., El-Hussein A. M., BansalD., Haroun M. SARS-CoV-2 at the human-animal interphase: A review. Heliyon. 2021; 7 (12):e08496. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08496.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Никонова З. Б., Овчинникова Е. В., Щербакова Л. О., Козлов А. А., Жестков П. Д., Зиняков Н. Г. и др. Выявление возбудителя COVID-19 у животных в 2020–2021 гг. Молекулярная диагностика: X Юбилейная международная научно-практическая конференция (9–11 ноября, 2021 г.). М.: Юлиус; 2021; 2: 379–380. eLIBRARY ID: 47983412.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikonova Z. B., Ovchinnikova E. V., Scherbakova L. O., Kozlov A. A., Zhestkov P. D., Zinyakov N. G., et al. Vyyavlenie vozbuditelya COVID-19 u zhivotnykh v 2020–2021 gg. = COVID-19 agent detection in animals in 2020–2021. Molekulyarnaya diagnostika: X Yubileinaya mezhdunarodnaya nauchno-prakticheskaya konferentsiya (9–11 noyabrya, 2021 g.).  = Molecular Diagnosis: X Anniversary International Research-to-Practice Conference (9–11 November 2021). Moscow: Yulius; 2021; 2: 379–380. eLIBRARY ID: 47983412. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Акимова Т. П., Семакина В. П., Митрофанова М. Н., Жильцова М. В., Выставкина Е. С., Исакова Д. Г. и др. Распространение коронавируса SARS-CоV-2 среди людей и животных. Ветеринария сегодня. 2021; (2): 88–96. DOI: 10.29326/2304-196X-2021-2-37-88-96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akimоva T. P., Semakina V. P., Mitrofanova M. N., Zhiltsova M. V., Vystavkina E. S., Isakova D. G., et al. SARS-CоV-2 spread in humans and animals. Veterinary Science Today. 2021; (2): 88–96. DOI: 10.29326/2304- 196X-2021-2-37-88-96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parolin C., Virtuoso S., Giovanetti M., Angeletti S., Ciccozzi M., Borsetti A. Animal hosts and experimental models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Chemotherapy. 2021; 66 (1–2): 8–16. DOI: 10.1159/000515341.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parolin C., Virtuoso S., Giovanetti M., Angeletti S., Ciccozzi M., Borsetti A. Animal hosts and experimental models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Chemotherapy. 2021; 66 (1–2): 8–16. DOI: 10.1159/000515341.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meekins D. A., Gaudreault N. N., Richt J. A. Natural and experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection in domestic and wild animals. Viruses. 2021; 13 (10):1993. DOI: 10.3390/v13101993.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meekins D. A., Gaudreault N. N., Richt J. A. Natural and experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection in domestic and wild animals. Viruses. 2021; 13 (10):1993. DOI: 10.3390/v13101993.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michelitsch A., Wernike K., Ulrich L., Mettenleiter T. C., Beer M. SARS CoV-2 in animals: From potential hosts to animal models. Adv. Virus. Res. 2021; 110: 59–102. DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2021.03.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michelitsch A., Wernike K., Ulrich L., Mettenleiter T. C., Beer M. SARS-CoV-2 in animals: From potential hosts to animal models. Adv. Virus. Res. 2021; 110: 59–102. DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2021.03.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharun K., Dhama K., Pawde A. M., Gortázar C., Tiwari R., Bonilla-Aldana D. K., et al. SARS-CoV-2 in animals: potential for unknown reser-voir hosts and public health implications. Vet. Q. 2021; 41 (1): 181–201. DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1921311.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharun K., Dhama K., Pawde A. M., Gortázar C., Tiwari R., Bonilla-Aldana D. K., et al. SARS-CoV-2 in animals: potential for unknown reservoir hosts and public health implications. Vet. Q. 2021; 41 (1): 181–201. DOI: 10. 1080/01652176.2021.1921311.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prince T., Smith S. L., Radford A. D., Solomon T., Hughes G. L., Patterson E. I. SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals: reservoirs for reverse zoonosis and models for study. Viruses. 2021; 13 (3):494. DOI: 10.3390/v13030494.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prince T., Smith S. L., Radford A. D., Solomon T., Hughes G. L., Patterson E. I. SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals: reservoirs for reverse zoonosis and models for study. Viruses. 2021; 13 (3):494. DOI: 10.3390/ v13030494.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maurin M., Fenollar F., Mediannikov O., Davoust B., Devaux C., Raoult D. Current status of putative animal sources of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: wildlife, domestic animals and pets. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (4):868. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040868.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maurin M., Fenollar F., Mediannikov O., Davoust B., Devaux C., Raoult D. Current status of putative animal sources of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: wildlife, domestic animals and pets. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (4):868. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040868.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hossain M. G., Javed A., Akter S., Saha S. SARS-CoV-2 host diversity: An update of natural infections and experimental evidence. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 2021; 54 (2): 175–181. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.06.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hossain M. G., Javed A., Akter S., Saha S. SARS-CoV-2 host diversity: An update of natural infections and experimental evidence. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 2021; 54 (2): 175–181. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.06.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dhar B. C. Diagnostic assay and technology advancement for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections causing the COVID-19 pandemic. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2022; 414 (9): 2903–2934. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03918-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dhar B. C. Diagnostic assay and technology advancement for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections causing the COVID-19 pandemic. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2022; 414 (9): 2903–2934. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03918-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kabir M. A., Ahmed R., Iqbal S. M. A., Chowdhury R., Paulmurugan R., Demirci U., Asghar W. Diagnosis for COVID-19: current status and future prospects. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 2021; 21 (3): 269–288. DOI: 10.1080/14 737159.2021.1894930.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kabir M. A., Ahmed R., Iqbal S. M. A., Chowdhury R., Paulmurugan R., Demirci U., Asghar W. Diagnosis for COVID-19: current status and future prospects. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 2021; 21 (3): 269–288. DOI: 10.1080/ 14737159.2021.1894930.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen Q., He Z., Mao F., Pei H., Cao H., Liu X. Diagnostic technologies for COVID-19: a review. RSC Adv. 2020; 10 (58): 35257–35264. DOI: 10.1039/ d0ra06445a.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen Q., He Z., Mao F., Pei H., Cao H., Liu X. Diagnostic technologies for COVID-19: a review. RSC Adv. 2020; 10 (58): 35257–35264. DOI: 10.1039/ d0ra06445a.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Filchakova O., Dossym D., Ilyas A., Kuanysheva T., Abdizhamil A., Bukasov R. Reviewof COVID-19 testing and diagnostic methods. Talanta. 2022; 244:123409. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123409.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filchakova O., Dossym D., Ilyas A., Kuanysheva T., Abdizhamil A., Bukasov R. Reviewof COVID-19 testing and diagnostic methods. Talanta. 2022; 244:123409. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123409.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Corman V. M., Landt O., Kaiser M., Molenkamp R., Meijer A., Chu D. K., et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by realtime RT-PCR. Euro Surveill. 2020; 25 (3):2000045. DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917. ES.2020.25.3.2000045.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CormanV. M., LandtO., KaiserM., MolenkampR., MeijerA., ChuD. K., etal. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill. 2020; 25 (3):2000045. DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Long C., Xu H., Shen Q., Zhang X., Fan B., Wang C., et al. Diagnosis of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): rRT-PCR or CT? Eur. J. Radiol. 2020; 126:108961. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.108961.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Long C., Xu H., Shen Q., Zhang X., Fan B., Wang C., et al. Diagnosis of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): rRT-PCR or CT? Eur. J. Radiol. 2020; 126:108961. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.108961.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kevadiya B. D., Machhi J., Herskovitz J., Oleynikov M. D., Blomberg W. R., Bajwa N., et al. Diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nat. Mater. 2021; 20 (5): 593–605. DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00906-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kevadiya B.  D., Machhi J., Herskovitz J., Oleynikov M.  D., Blomberg W. R., Bajwa N., et al. Diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nat. Mater. 2021; 20 (5): 593–605. DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00906-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smyrlaki I., Ekman M., Lentini A., Rufino de Sousa N., Papanicolaou N., Vondracek M., et al. Massive and rapid COVID-19 testing isfeasible by extraction-free SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. Nat. Commun. 2020; 11 (1):4812. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18611-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smyrlaki I., Ekman M., Lentini A., Rufino de Sousa N., Papanicolaou N., Vondracek M., et al. Massive and rapid COVID-19 testing isfeasible by extraction-free SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. Nat. Commun. 2020; 11 (1):4812. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18611-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Грибанов О. Г., Щербаков А. В., Перевозчикова Н. А., Гусев А. А. Использование аэросила А-300 и фильтров GF/F (GF/C) для очистки фрагментов ДНК, ДНК-плазмид и РНК. Биохимия. 1996; 61 (6): 1064–1070. Режим доступа: https://biochemistrymoscow.com/ru/ archive/1996/61-06-1064/#_pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gribanov O.  G., Shcherbakov A. V., Perevozchikova N.  A., Gusev A. A. The use of Aerosil A-300 and GF/F (GF/C) filters for purification of DNA fragments, plasmid DNA and RNA. Biochemistry (Moscow). 1996; 61  (6):  1064–1070. Available at: https://biochemistrymoscow.com/ru/ archive/1996/61-06-1064/#_pdf. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Носырев П., Носырева М., Рассказова Т., Корнеева Н. Практикум по GMP. Валидация аналитических методик: теория и практика. Ремедиум. 2003; 10: 69–71; 11: 62–64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nosyrev P., Nosyreva M., Rasskazova T., Korneeva N. Praktikum po GMP. Validatsiya analiticheskikh metodik: teoriya i praktika = GMP Workshop. Validation of analytical methods: theory and practice. Remedium. 2003; 10: 69–71; 11: 62–64. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Поляков И. В., Соколова Н. С. Практическое пособие по медицинской статистике. М.: Медицина; 1975. 151 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polyakov I. V., Sokolova N. S. Practical guide on medical statistics. Leningrad: Meditsina; 1975. 151 р. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
