veterinaryВетеринария сегодняVeterinary Science Today2304-196X2658-6959"Veinard"10.29326/2304-196X-2022-11-2-176-185veterinary-647Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ | ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫREVIEWS | GENERAL ISSUESБиологические особенности коронавирусов сельскохозяйственных, домашних животных и птиц: сравнительная оценка характера вызываемых ими патологических процессов (обзор)Biological properties of coronaviruses of farm, domestic animals and birds: comparative characterization of pathology they induce (review)https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8995-6364ГаффаровХ. З.GaffarovKh. Z.

Гаффаров Харис Зарипович - доктор  ветеринарных  наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник лаборатории вирусных  заболеваний животных, ФЦТРБ-ВНИВИ.

Казань.

Kharis Z. Gaffarov - Doctor of Science  (Veterinary Medicine), Professor,  Chief  Researcher,  Laboratory  of Viral Diseases  of Animals, FCTRBS-ARRVI.

Kazan.

gaffarxz@vnivi.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1717-0498ЯруллинА. И.YarullinA. I.

Яруллин Айнур Ильнурович - кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории вирусных заболеваний животных ФЦТРБ-ВНИВИ.

420075, Казань, ул. Научный городок, 2.

Ainur I. Yarullin - Candidate of Science (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Viral Diseases  of Animals, FCTRBS-ARRVI.

420075, Kazan, ul. Nauchny Gorodok, 2.

yarulinai@vnivi.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5878-4299ГумеровВ. Г.GumerovV. G.

Гумеров Вали Галиевич - доктор ветеринарных наук, ведущий научный  сотрудник,  заведующий лабораторией  вирусных заболеваний  животных, ФЦТРБ-ВНИВИ.

Казань.

Vali G. Gumerov - Doctor  of Science  (Veterinary Medicine), Leading  Researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Viral Diseases of Animals, FCTRBS-ARRVI.

Kazan.

gumervg@vnivi.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6771-3457КаримуллинаИ. Г.KarimullinaI. G.

Каримуллина  Ильсияр Габдельгазизовна - кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории вирусных  заболеваний животных, ФЦТРБ-ВНИВИ.

Казань.

Ilsiyar G. Karimullina - Candidate  of Science (Biology), Senior Researcher  of  the  Laboratory  of Viral Diseases  of  Animals, FCTRBS-ARRVI.

Kazan.

karimuig@vnivi.ruФедеральный центр токсикологической, радиационной и биологической безопасностиРоссияFederal Center for toxicological, radiation, and biological safetyRussian Federation202210062022112176185Copyright © Гаффаров Х.З., Яруллин А.И., Гумеров В.Г., Каримуллина И.Г., 20222022Гаффаров Х.З., Яруллин А.И., Гумеров В.Г., Каримуллина И.Г.Gaffarov K.Z., Yarullin A.I., Gumerov V.G., Karimullina I.G.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/647

Болезни, вызываемые  коронавирусами, могут наносить значительный ущерб сельскому хозяйству, обусловленный высокой (доходящей до 100%) летальностью среди молодняка. Представители семейства Coronaviridae характеризуются тем, что поражают широкий спектр животных и птиц, при этом отмечается выраженное видовое ограничение патогенности. Еще одной особенностью коронавирусов  является  способность поражать  не один, а сразу несколько органов. Также существует четкая зависимость тяжести течения болезни от возраста восприимчивого животного и интенсивности патологических процессов. Так, заболевания, вызываемые  данными вирусами, чаще всего имеют острое течение у новорожденных  животных и молодняка, у взрослых особей они нередко переходят в хроническую и латентную формы. Общее свойство всех болезней, индуцированных коронавирусами, – острое нарушение капиллярного кровообращения в пораженном органе, становящееся основой развития дальнейшего патологического процесса. В предлагаемой  обзорной статье представлена краткая информация об истории открытия и изучения вирусов семейства Coronaviridae, приведена таксономия коронавирусов. В работе рассматривается строение, физико-химические и биологические свойства данных вирусов, изложены особенности их культивирования in vitro, некоторые биохимические аспекты репликации, анализируется процесс размножения  в восприимчивых клетках. Кроме того, обобщены некоторые данные об антигенной структуре и иммуногенности, о наличии родственных антигенов у коронавирусов, поражающих человека, животных и птиц. В статье приводятся данные о значительной роли коронавирусов в патологии сельскохозяйственных животных и подчеркивается их экономическое значение, особенно в условиях промышленного свиноводства и птицеводства.

Coronavirus induced diseases can cause significant damage to agriculture that is associated with high (up to 100%) lethality in young animals. Members of the family Coronaviridae are characterized by the fact that they infect a wide range of animals and birds with expressed species-limited  pathogenicity.  One more coronavirus specificity involves their ability to simultaneously affect more than one organ. The disease severity is also strongly correlated with the age of the susceptible animal and degree of pathology. Thus, the coronavirus induced diseases are most often acute in newborn and young animals, while such diseases often develop into chronic and latent forms in adult animals. The general property of all coronavirus-induced diseases involves acute impairement of capillary circulation in the affected organ thus leading to the development of further pathology. The proposed review demonstrates  brief overview of the history of discovery and examination of the viruses of Coronaviridae family and describes the coronavirus taxonomy. The paper reviews the virus structure, physico-chemical and biological properties; it describes specific features  of their cultivation in vitro, some biochemical aspects of the virus replication and analyses the process of their propagation  in the sensitive cells. Some data on the virus antigen structure and immunogenicity, on the presence of related antigens in the coronaviruses infecting humans, animals and birds are demonstrated as well. The paper provides data on the significant role the coronaviruses play in the pathology of farm animals and stresses their economic relevance, in particular for the commercial pig and poultry production.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.