veterinaryВетеринария сегодняVeterinary Science Today2304-196X2658-6959"Veinard"10.29326/2304-196X-2022-11-1-7-13veterinary-607Research ArticleВЕТЕРИНАРНАЯ МИКРОБИОЛОГИЯVETERINARY MICROBIOLOGYСовременное представление о механизмах антимикробной резистентности бактерий (аналитический обзор)Current understanding of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in bacteria (analytical review)https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3143-7339ПрунтоваО. В.PruntovaO. V.

доктор биологических наук, профессор, главный эксперт информационно-аналитического центра,

г. Владимир

Doctor of Science (Biology), Professor, Chief Expert, Information and Analysis Centre,

Vladimir

pruntova@arriah.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4972-6326РусалеевВ. С.RussaleyevV. S.

доктор ветеринарных наук, профессор, ученый секретарь,

г. Владимир

Doctor of Science (Veterinary Medicine), Professor, Scientific Secretary,

Vladimir

rusaleev@arriah.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7510-1269ШадроваН. Б.ShadrovaN. B.

кандидат биологических наук, заведующий лабораторией микробиологических исследований,

г. Владимир

Candidate of Science (Biology), Head of Laboratory for Microbiological Testing,

Vladimir

shadrova@arriah.ruФГБУ «Федеральный центр охраны здоровья животных» (ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ»)РоссияFGBI “FederalCentrefor Animal Health” (FGBI “ARRIAH”)Russian Federation202227032022111713Copyright © Прунтова О.В., Русалеев В.С., Шадрова Н.Б., 20222022Прунтова О.В., Русалеев В.С., Шадрова Н.Б.Pruntova O.V., Russaleyev V.S., Shadrova N.B.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/607

Проведен анализ и обобщены сведения о механизмах резистентности к антимикробным препаратам у бактерий. Рассмотрены основные причины возникновения и распространения устойчивости у бактерий. Охарактеризовано действие механизмов естественной резистентности патогенных бактерий (неспецифические эффлюксные насосы, инактивирующие антибиотики ферменты и механизмы, которые служат барьерами проницаемости). Описаны механизмы приобретенной устойчивости: модификация или разложение антибиотика; активное выведение антимикробного препарата из бактериальной клетки – эффлюкс (отток), секвестрация, модификация мишени (байпас). Показана дискуссионность вопроса о происхождении механизмов устойчивости к антибиотикам у патогенных бактерий. Отмечено, что прямая передача генов устойчивости к антимикробным препаратам может происходить от микроорганизмов-продуцентов к патогенным бактериям, но достоверная связь между этим процессом и распространением антимикробной резистентности в настоящее время не выявлена и не доказана. Роль горизонтальной передачи генов, включающей трансформацию свободной ДНК, трансдукцию бактериофагами и конъюгацию с участием плазмид, считают важной в распространении антимикробной резистентности. Все три механизма широко распространены в природе, хотя некоторые виды бактерий используют один механизм в большей степени, чем два других. Полагают, что трансдукция играет важную роль, в частности, в переносе генов устойчивости к антибиотикам, но до настоящего времени нет ясности в вопросе о значении трансформации или трансдукции в переносе генов резистентности в условиях лаборатории или в окружающей среде из-за сложности обнаружения рекомбинаций, возникших в естественных условиях. Представлены данные о роли коньюгации в распространении генов антимикробной резистентности в природе, в частности генов устойчивости к карбапенемам и хинолонам у грамотрицательных и грамположительных бактерий. Отмечены новые тенденции в распространении генов антимикробной резистентности. 

Data on mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobials in bacteria are reviewed and summarized. Main causes of resistance emergence and spread in bacteria are analyzed. Mechanisms of innate resistance of pathogenic bacteria (non-specific efflux pumps, antibiotic-inactivating enzymes and mechanisms serving as permeability barriers) are characterized. Mechanisms of acquired resistance are described: antibiotic modification or degradation; active removal of an antimicrobial from a bacterial cell – efflux (draining out); sequestration; target modification (bypass). The origin of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in pathogenic bacteria is shown to be debatable. It is noted that producer microorganisms can directly transfer antimicrobial resistance genes to pathogenic bacteria, but a reliable link between this process and antimicrobial resistance spread has not been identified and proven so far. Horizontal gene transfer, including free DNA transformation, transduction by bacteriophages and plasmid-involving conjugation, is believed to play an important role in antimicrobial resistance spread. All three mechanisms are widespread in nature, although some bacterial species use one mechanism to a great extent than the other two. Transduction is supposed to play an important role, in particular, in the antibiotic resistance gene transfer, but the significance of transformation or transduction in the resistance gene transfer under the laboratory or environmental conditions has not been clarified so far due to the difficulty of naturally emerging recombination detection. Data on the role of conjugation in the antimicrobial resistance gene spread in nature, in particular carbapenem- and quinolone-resistance genes in gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria are presented. New trends in the antimicrobial resistance gene spread are indicated. 

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.