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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">veterinary</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ветеринария сегодня</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Veterinary Science Today</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2304-196X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6959</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"Veinard"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29326/2304-196X-2021-10-4-266-270</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">veterinary-586</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ | ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS | GENERAL ISSUES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>О природе вирусов и радикальном изменении их таксономии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nature of viruses and the radical change in viral taxonomy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8464-6380</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макаров</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Макаров Владимир Владимирович, доктор биологических наук, профессор</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir V. Makarov, Doctor of Science (Biology), Professor</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бучацкий</surname><given-names>Л. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Buchatsky</surname><given-names>L. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бучацкий Леонид Петрович, доктор биологических наук, профессор</p><p>Киев</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leonid P. Buchatsky, Doctor of Science (Biology), Professor</p><p>Kyiv</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>People’s Friendship University of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт рыбного хозяйства НААН</institution><country>Украина</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Fisheries of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences</institution><country>Ukraine</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>266</fpage><lpage>270</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Макаров В.В., Бучацкий Л.П., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Макаров В.В., Бучацкий Л.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Makarov V.V., Buchatsky L.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/586">https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/586</self-uri><abstract><p>Краткое сообщение посвящено радикальным изменениям в таксономии вирусов. С помощью метагеномного анализа установлено существование огромного количества разнообразных вирусов в окружающей среде во всех сферах жизни без каких-либо связей с тривиальными паразитизмом, инфекционностью, патогенностью. Представление о вирусах вышло за рамки первоначальной модели паразитических патогенов с признанием их роли в биологии хозяина и поддержании естественных экосистем. Коэволюция вирусного и клеточного геномов включает взаимный горизонтальный перенос генов и совместное создание новых биологических функций как механизм филогенеза и филодинамики соактантов. Сформулированы представления о происхождении вирусов и их отношении ко Всеобщему Древу Жизни. В связи с этим Международный комитет по таксономии вирусов изменил прежний код их классификационной иерархии из пяти рангов на пятнадцатиранговый, тесно согласующийся с современной линнеевской таксономией и вмещающий в систему органического мира весь спектр генетического многообразия виросферы. Изменения в ранговой иерархии таксонов базируются на прогрессе от традиционной сегрегации вирусов на основе фенотипа до многоступенчатого процесса, включающего сравнительные характеристики последовательностей консервативных генов и белков, филогению генов, их синтез, общее содержание. Международный комитет по таксономии вирусов, осуществляющий надзор за официальной классификацией вирусов и номенклатурой таксонов, допускает возможные неиерархические классификации вирусов вне таксономической компетенции. Приведенные положения иллюстрированы схемами химерного полифилетического происхождения вирусов и новой ранговой структуры, в таблице даны примеры современной классификации вирусов – возбудителей некоторых социально значимых инфекций.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A short report is devoted to the radical changes in the taxonomy of viruses. The metagenomic sequencing has revealed the presence of a vast variety of viruses in diverse environmental samples without any connections with banal parasitism, infectivity, or pathogenicity. The understanding of viruses has expanded beyond the original parasitic–pathogen model, and now virologists recognize the role of viruses in host regulation and the maintenance of natural ecosystems. Co-evolution of the viral and cellular genomes includes mutual horizontal gene transfer and joint development of new biological functions, such as the mechanism of phylogenesis and phylodynamics of coactants. The concepts of the origin of viruses and their relation to the Universal Tree of Life are formulated. In this regard, the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) changed the previous Code of their classification hierarchy from five ranks to a fifteen-rank one, that emulates a Linnaean framework and accommodates the entire spectrum of genetic divergence in the virosphere. Changes in the rank hierarchy are based on the evolution of the recognition of virus taxa over time, from a traditional phenotype-based characterization process to a multistage process that includes comparative sequence analyses of conserved genes and proteins, including gene phylogeny, gene synteny and shared gene content. The ICTV, that oversees the official classification of viruses and nomenclature of taxa, accepts possible non-hierarchical classifications of viruses beyond taxonomic attribution. The above provisions are illustrated with schemes of chimeric polyphyletic origin of viruses and a new rank structure; the table gives examples of the modern classification of viruses that cause some socially significant infections.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>обзор</kwd><kwd>вирусы</kwd><kwd>таксономия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>review</kwd><kwd>viruses</kwd><kwd>taxonomy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Макаров В. В., Бондаренко В. М. Гирусы. Бюллетень Оренбургского научного Центра УрО РАН (электронный журнал). 2012; 2: 1–12. Режим доступа: http://elmag.uran.ru:9673/magazine/Numbers/2012-2/Articles/Makarov-Bondarenko-2012-2.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makarov V. V., Bondarenko V. M. Giruses. Byulleten’ Orenburgskogo nauchnogo tsentra UrO RAN (elektronnyi zhurnal). 2012; 2: 1–12. 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