<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">veterinary</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ветеринария сегодня</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Veterinary Science Today</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2304-196X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6959</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"Veinard"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29326/2304-196X-2026-15-3-303-312</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">veterinary-1044</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ | БИОТЕХНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES | BIOTECHNOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Подходы определения генетической последовательности РНК-содержащих вирусов из биологического материала с низкой копийностью на примере вирусов летучих мышей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Approaches to determining the genetic sequence of RNA viruses from low-copy biological material, using bat viruses as a model</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3376-945X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Столбунова</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stolbunova</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Столбунова Кристина Александровна, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории геномики и эволюции вирусов НИИ вирусологии</p><p> ул. Тимакова, 2, г. Новосибирск, 630060</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kristina A. Stolbunova, Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Genomics and Evolution of Viruses, Research Institute of Virology</p><p>ul. Timakova, 2, Novosibirsk 630060</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kristina.sunwo@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2658-7746</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанюк</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanyuk</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Степанюк Марина Алексеевна, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории геномики и эволюции вирусов НИИ вирусологии</p><p> ул. Тимакова, 2, г. Новосибирск, 630060</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina A. Stepanyuk, Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Genomics and Evolution of Viruses, Research Institute of Virology</p><p>ul. Timakova, 2, Novosibirsk 630060</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">stepanunya1996@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1182-8247</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мошкин</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Moshkin</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мошкин Алексей Дмитриевич, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории геномики и эволюции вирусов НИИ вирусологии</p><p> ул. Тимакова, 2, г. Новосибирск, 630060</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey D. Moshkin, Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Genomics and Evolution of Viruses, Research Institute of Virology</p><p>ul. Timakova, 2, Novosibirsk 630060</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alex.moshkin727@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попов</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Попов Игорь Витальевич, PhD, научный сотрудник Института живых систем</p><p>пл. Гагарина, 1, г. Ростов-на-Дону, 344000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor V. Popov, PhD, Researcher, Institute of Living Systems</p><p>pl. Gagarina, 1, Rostov-on-Don 344000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ipopov@donstu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8214-7828</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Охлопкова</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ohlopkova</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Охлопкова Олеся Викторовна, канд. биол. наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории геномики и эволюции вирусов НИИ вирусологии</p><p> ул. Тимакова, 2, г. Новосибирск, 630060</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olesia V. Ohlopkova, Cand. Sci. (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Genomics and Evolution of Viruses, Research Institute of Virology</p><p>ul. Timakova, 2, Novosibirsk 630060</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ohlopkova.lesia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр фундаментальной и трансляционной медицины», Научно-исследовательский институт вирусологии (НИИ вирусологии ФИЦ ФТМ)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Research Institute of Virology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Донской государственный технический университет» (ДГТУ)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Don State Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>303</fpage><lpage>312</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Столбунова К.А., Степанюк М.А., Мошкин А.Д., Попов И.В., Охлопкова О.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Столбунова К.А., Степанюк М.А., Мошкин А.Д., Попов И.В., Охлопкова О.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Stolbunova K.A., Stepanyuk M.A., Moshkin A.D., Popov I.V., Ohlopkova O.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/1044">https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/1044</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Летучие мыши, являясь природным резервуаром множества вирусов, традиционно воспринимаются как источник биологической опасности. Активное развитие центров реабилитации рукокрылых входит в противоречие с их репутацией высокопотенциальных резервуаров зоонозных инфекций: концентрация животных в условиях центра без должного контроля способна искусственно усиливать циркуляцию патогенов. Разрешить это противоречие можно путем включения в протоколы работы центров предварительного вирусологического скрининга поступающих особей. Выявление носителей и их своевременная изоляция (карантин) защитят как остальных животных, так и персонал, а накопленные данные позволят создать систему раннего предупреждения о появлении новых генетических вариантов вирусов.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Апробация комбинированного подхода к получению полногеномных последовательностей РНК-содержащих вирусов рукокрылых в условиях низкой копийности и фрагментации РНК-матрицы, включающего последовательное применение и модификацию методов ампликонного секвенирования и случайного прайминга (SMART-9N).</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В качестве материала исследования были взяты образцы фекалий летучих мышей, содержащихся в условиях реабилитацион ного центра в г. Ростове-на-Дону в 2022–2023 гг. В статье описана последовательность действий от выделения нуклеиновых кислот до обработки и анализа данных. Также представлены три способа обогащения РНК-матрицы на основе реакции обратной транскрипции и полимеразной цепной реакции.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. При проведении исследования была разработана праймерная панель для выявления альфа-коронавирусов летучих мышей. В результате метагеномного анализа установлено присутствие вирусной РНК Bat bastrovirus (семейство Astroviridae) и разработаны диагностические праймеры для подтверждения. Получена полная генетическая последовательность вируса Loanvirus brunaense (семейство Hantaviridae) и 95% нуклеотидной последовательности вируса Alphacoronavirus (семейство Coronaviridae).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Данные о генетических последовательностях вирусов играют важную роль в различных аспектах науки, медицины, ветеринарии и здравоохранения в целом. Результаты данного исследования могут быть использованы для разработки экспресс-диагностических тест-систем по обнаружению различных вирусов летучих мышей.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Bats are recognized as natural reservoirs for a wide range of viruses and are therefore traditionally viewed as a potential biological hazard. This perception, however, conflicts with the growing operation of bat rehabilitation centers, where the concentration of animals – if not accompanied by rigorous virological monitoring – may inadvertently facilitate pathogen transmission. A viable resolution lies in integrating preliminary virological screening into standard intake protocols. Early identification of viral carriers and their timely quarantine would not only protect both animal cohorts and center personnel but also generate valuable surveillance data to support early warning systems for emerging viral genetic variants.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To validate a combined methodological approach for reconstructing full-genome sequences of bat-derived RNA viruses under conditions of low viral load and fragmented RNA templates. The proposed strategy involves the sequential application and adaptation of amplicon-based sequencing and random priming (SMART-9N) techniques.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Fecal samples were collected from bats housed at a rehabilitation center in Rostov-on-Don between 2022 and 2023. The manuscript details the complete workflow, from nucleic acid extraction through to bioinformatic data processing and analysis. Three RNA template enrichment strategies based on reverse transcription and PCR are also described and compared.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A primer panel was developed specifically for the detection of bat alphacoronaviruses. Metagenomic analysis further revealed the presence of viral RNA corresponding to Bat bastrovirus (family Astroviridae), for which confirmatory diagnostic primers were subsequently designed. Notably, the complete genomic sequence of Loanvirus brunaense (family Hantaviridae) was obtained, along with 95% of the nucleotide sequence of an Alphacoronavirus (family Coronaviridae).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Viral genetic sequence data are indispensable across diverse fields, including fundamental science, clinical medicine, veterinary practice, and public health. The findings of this study provide a practical foundation for the development of rapid diagnostic test kits aimed at detecting bat-associated viruses.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>секвенирование нового поколения</kwd><kwd>NGS</kwd><kwd>секвенирование</kwd><kwd>РНК-вирусы</kwd><kwd>летучие мыши</kwd><kwd>пробоподготовка</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>next generation sequencing</kwd><kwd>NGS</kwd><kwd>sequencing</kwd><kwd>RNA viruses</kwd><kwd>bats</kwd><kwd>sample preparation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при поддержке гранта РНФ № 23-64-00005 и государственного задания НИИ вирусологии ФИЦ ФТМ № 125031903984-1.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 23-64-00005 and the state assignment of the Research Institute of Virology of the FRC FTM No. 125031903984-1.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nieto-Rabiela F., Wiratsudakul A., Suzán G., Rico-Chávez O. Viral networks and detection of potential zoonotic viruses in bats and rodents: a worldwide analysis. Zoonoses and Public Health. 2019; 66 (6): 655–666. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12618</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nieto-Rabiela F., Wiratsudakul A., Suzán G., Rico-Chávez O. Viral networks and detection of potential zoonotic viruses in bats and rodents: a worldwide analysis. Zoonoses and Public Health. 2019; 66 (6): 655–666. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12618</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alvarez-Munoz S., Upegui-Porras N., Gomez A. P., Ramirez-Nieto G. Key factors that enable the pandemic potential of RNA viruses and inter species transmission: a systematic review. Viruses. 2021; 13 (4):537. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13040537</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alvarez-Munoz S., Upegui-Porras N., Gomez A. P., Ramirez-Nieto G. Key factors that enable the pandemic potential of RNA viruses and inter species transmission: a systematic review. Viruses. 2021; 13 (4):537. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13040537</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Letko M., Seifert S. N., Olival K. J., Plowright R. K., Munster V. J. Bat-borne virus diversity, spillover and emergence. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2020; 18 (8): 461–471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020 0394-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Letko M., Seifert S. N., Olival K. J., Plowright R. K., Munster V. J. Bat-borne virus diversity, spillover and emergence. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2020; 18 (8): 461–471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020 0394-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yan X., Liu Y., Hu T., Huang Z., Li C., Guo L., et al. A compendium of 8,176 bat RNA viral metagenomes reveals ecological drivers and circulation dynamics. Nature Microbiology. 2025; 10 (2): 554–568. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-024-01884-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yan X., Liu Y., Hu T., Huang Z., Li C., Guo L., et al. A compendium of 8,176 bat RNA viral metagenomes reveals ecological drivers and circulation dynamics. Nature Microbiology. 2025; 10 (2): 554–568. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-024-01884-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greninger A. L. The challenge of diagnostic metagenomics. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics. 2018; 18 (7): 605–615. https://doi.org/10.1 080/14737159.2018.1487292</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greninger A. L. The challenge of diagnostic metagenomics. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics. 2018; 18 (7): 605–615. https://doi.org/10.1 080/14737159.2018.1487292</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bergner L. M., Orton R. J., da Silva Filipe A., Shaw A. E., Becker D. J., Tello C., et al. Using noninvasive metagenomics to characterize viral communities from wildlife. Molecular Ecology Resources. 2019; 19 (1): 128 143. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12946</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bergner L. M., Orton R. J., da Silva Filipe A., Shaw A. E., Becker D. J., Tello C., et al. Using noninvasive metagenomics to characterize viral communities from wildlife. Molecular Ecology Resources. 2019; 19 (1): 128 143. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12946</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eby P., Peel A. J., Hoegh A., Madden W., Giles J. R., Hudson P. J., Plowright R. K. Pathogen spillover driven by rapid changes in bat ecology. Nature. 2023; 613 (7943): 340–344. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05506-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eby P., Peel A. J., Hoegh A., Madden W., Giles J. R., Hudson P. J., Plowright R. K. Pathogen spillover driven by rapid changes in bat ecology. Nature. 2023; 613 (7943): 340–344. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05506-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang J., Pan Y. F., Yang L. F., Yang W. H., Lv K., Luo C. M., et al. Individual bat virome analysis reveals co-infection and spillover among bats and virus zoonotic potential. Nature Communications. 2023; 14 (1):4079. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39835-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang J., Pan Y. F., Yang L. F., Yang W. H., Lv K., Luo C. M., et al. Individual bat virome analysis reveals co-infection and spillover among bats and virus zoonotic potential. Nature Communications. 2023; 14 (1):4079. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39835-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsai V., Lai Y.-C., Contreras G. P., Yeh T.-Y. Impact of anthropogenic activities on the ecosystem and emergence of bat-borne zoonotic diseases. Virology. 2026; 617:110811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2026.110811</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsai V., Lai Y.-C., Contreras G. P., Yeh T.-Y. Impact of anthropogenic activities on the ecosystem and emergence of bat-borne zoonotic diseases. Virology. 2026; 617:110811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2026.110811</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayman D. T. S., Bowen R. A., Cryan P. M., McCracken G. F., O’Shea T. J., Peel A. J., et al. Ecology of zoonotic infectious diseases in bats: current knowledge and future directions. Zoonoses and Public Health. 2013; 60 (1): 2–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12000</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayman D. T. S., Bowen R. A., Cryan P. M., McCracken G. F., O’Shea T. J., Peel A. J., et al. Ecology of zoonotic infectious diseases in bats: current knowledge and future directions. Zoonoses and Public Health. 2013; 60 (1): 2–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12000</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hassani A., Khan G. Human-animal interaction and the emergence of SARS-CoV-2. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. 2020; 6 (4):e22117. https://doi.org/10.2196/22117</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hassani A., Khan G. Human-animal interaction and the emergence of SARS-CoV-2. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. 2020; 6 (4):e22117. https://doi.org/10.2196/22117</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berthinussen A., Richardson O. C., Altringham J. D. Bat Conservation: Global evidence for the effects of interventions. Conservation Evidence Series Synopses. Cambridge: University of Cambridge; 2021; 266–269. https://www.conservationevidence.com/synopsis/pdf/32</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berthinussen A., Richardson O. C., Altringham J. D. Bat Conservation: Global evidence for the effects of interventions. Conservation Evidence Series Synopses. Cambridge: University of Cambridge; 2021; 266–269. https://www.conservationevidence.com/synopsis/pdf/32</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kelly A., Goodwin S., Grogan A., Mathews F. Post-release survival of hand-reared pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus spp.). Animal Welfare. 2008; 17 (4): 375–382. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0962728600027871</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelly A., Goodwin S., Grogan A., Mathews F. Post-release survival of hand-reared pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus spp.). Animal Welfare. 2008; 17 (4): 375–382. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0962728600027871</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Serangeli M. T., Cistrone L., Ancillotto L., Tomassini A., Russo D. The post-release fate of hand-reared orphaned bats: survivaland habitat selection. Animal Welfare. 2012; 21 (1): 9–18. https://doi.org/10.7120/096272812799129510</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Serangeli M. T., Cistrone L., Ancillotto L., Tomassini A., Russo D. The post-release fate of hand-reared orphaned bats: survivaland habitat selection. Animal Welfare. 2012; 21 (1): 9–18. https://doi.org/10.7120/096272812799129510</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Apoorva, Singh S. K. A tale of endurance: bats, viruses and immune dynamics. Future Microbiology. 2024; 19 (9): 841–856. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2023-0233</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Apoorva, Singh S. K. A tale of endurance: bats, viruses and immune dynamics. Future Microbiology. 2024; 19 (9): 841–856. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2023-0233</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calisher C. H., Childs J. E., Field H. E., Holmes K. V., Schountz T. Bats: important reservoir hosts of emerging viruses. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2006; 19 (3): 531–545. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00017-06</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calisher C. H., Childs J. E., Field H. E., Holmes K. V., Schountz T. Bats: important reservoir hosts of emerging viruses. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2006; 19 (3): 531–545. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00017-06</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harazim M., Perrot J., Varet H., Bourhy H., Lannoy J., Pikula J., et al. Transcriptomic responses of bat cells to European bat lyssavirus 1 infection under conditions simulating euthermia and hibernation. BMC Immunology. 2023; 24 (1):7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12865-023-00542-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harazim M., Perrot J., Varet H., Bourhy H., Lannoy J., Pikula J., et al. Transcriptomic responses of bat cells to European bat lyssavirus 1 infection under conditions simulating euthermia and hibernation. BMC Immunology. 2023; 24 (1):7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12865-023-00542-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams E. P., Spruill-Harrell B. M., Taylor M. K., Lee J., Nywening A. V., Yang Z., et al. Common themes in zoonotic spillover and disease emergence: lessons learned from bat- and rodent-borne RNA viruses. Viruses. 2021; 13 (8):1509. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081509</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williams E. P., Spruill-Harrell B. M., Taylor M. K., Lee J., Nywening A. V., Yang Z., et al. Common themes in zoonotic spillover and disease emergence: lessons learned from bat- and rodent-borne RNA viruses. Viruses. 2021; 13 (8):1509. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081509</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aguilar Rangel M., Dolan P. T., Taguwa S., Xiao Y., Andino R., Frydman J. High-resolution mapping reveals the mechanism and contribution of genome insertions and deletions to RNA virus evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2023; 120 (31):e2304667120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2304667120</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aguilar Rangel M., Dolan P. T., Taguwa S., Xiao Y., Andino R., Frydman J. High-resolution mapping reveals the mechanism and contribution of genome insertions and deletions to RNA virus evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2023; 120 (31):e2304667120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2304667120</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Becker D. J., Crowley D. E., Washburne A. D., Plowright R. K. Temporal and spatial limitations in global surveillance for bat filoviruses and henipaviruses. Biology Letters. 2019; 15 (12):20190423. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0423</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becker D. J., Crowley D. E., Washburne A. D., Plowright R. K. Temporal and spatial limitations in global surveillance for bat filoviruses and henipaviruses. Biology Letters. 2019; 15 (12):20190423. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0423</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarabeev V., Shvydka S., Lisitsyna O., Oros M., Miterpáková M., Ždímalová M. The sample size matters: evaluating minimum and reasonable values in prevalence studies. International Journal for Parasitology. 2025; 55 (13): 683–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.05.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarabeev V., Shvydka S., Lisitsyna O., Oros M., Miterpáková M., Ždímalová M. The sample size matters: evaluating minimum and reasonable values in prevalence studies. International Journal for Parasitology. 2025; 55 (13): 683–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.05.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martínez-Puchol S., Tarradas-Alemany M., Mejías-Molina C., Itarte M., Rusiñol M., Baliellas J., et al. Target enrichment metaviromics enables comprehensive surveillance of coronaviruses in environmental and animal samples. Heliyon. 2024; 10 (11):e31556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31556</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martínez-Puchol S., Tarradas-Alemany M., Mejías-Molina C., Itarte M., Rusiñol M., Baliellas J., et al. Target enrichment metaviromics enables comprehensive surveillance of coronaviruses in environmental and animal samples. Heliyon. 2024; 10 (11):e31556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31556</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greninger A. L. A decade of RNA virus metagenomics is (not) enough. Virus Research. 2018; 244: 218–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2017.10.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greninger A. L. A decade of RNA virus metagenomics is (not) enough. Virus Research. 2018; 244: 218–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2017.10.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ohlopkova O. V., Popov Ig. V., Popov Il. V., Stolbunova K. A., Stepanyuk M. A., Moshkin A. D., et al. Detection and phylogenetic analysis of alphacoronaviruses in bat populations of Rostov and Novosibirsk Regions of Russia, 2021–2023. Microbiology Research. 2025; 16 (1):3. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16010003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ohlopkova O. V., Popov Ig. V., Popov Il. V., Stolbunova K. A., Stepanyuk M. A., Moshkin A. D., et al. Detection and phylogenetic analysis of alphacoronaviruses in bat populations of Rostov and Novosibirsk Regions of Russia, 2021–2023. Microbiology Research. 2025; 16 (1):3. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16010003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ohlopkova O. V., Stolbunova K. A., Popov Il. V., Popov Ig. V., Kabwe E., Davidyuk Y. N., et al. Detection of Brno loanvirus (Loanvirus brunaense) in common noctule bats (Nyctalus noctula) in Southern Russia. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 2025; 56 (1): 675–682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-024-01587-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ohlopkova O. V., Stolbunova K. A., Popov Il. V., Popov Ig. V., Kabwe E., Davidyuk Y. N., et al. Detection of Brno loanvirus (Loanvirus brunaense) in common noctule bats (Nyctalus noctula) in Southern Russia. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 2025; 56 (1): 675–682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-024-01587-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Claro I. M., Ramundo M. S., Coletti T. M., da Silva C. A. M., Valenca I. N., Candido D. S., et al. Rapid viral metagenomics using SMART-9N amplification and nanopore sequencing. Wellcome Open Research. 2023; 6:241. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17170.2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Claro I. M., Ramundo M. S., Coletti T. M., da Silva C. A. M., Valenca I. N., Candido D. S., et al. Rapid viral metagenomics using SMART-9N amplification and nanopore sequencing. Wellcome Open Research. 2023; 6:241. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17170.2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oude Munnink B. B., Cotten M., Canuti M., Deijs M., Jebbink M. F., van Hemert F. J., et al. A novel astrovirus-like RNA virus detected in human stool. Virus Evolution. 2016; 2 (1):vew005. https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/vew005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oude Munnink B. B., Cotten M., Canuti M., Deijs M., Jebbink M. F., van Hemert F. J., et al. A novel astrovirus-like RNA virus detected in human stool. Virus Evolution. 2016; 2 (1):vew005. https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/vew005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Роев Г. В., Борисова Н. И., Чистякова Н. В., Выходцева А. В., Акимкин В. Г., Хафизов К. Ф. Бастровирусы (Astroviridae): генетическое разнообразие и потенциальное влияние на здоровье человека и животных. Вопросы вирусологии. 2023; 68 (6): 505–512. https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-192</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roev G. V., Borisova N. I., Chistyakova N. V., Vyhodtseva A. V., Akimkin V. G., Khafizov K. F. Bastroviruses (Astroviridae): genetic diversity and potential impact on human and animal health. Problems of Virology. 2023; 68 (6): 505–512. https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-192</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones B. D., Kaufman E. J., Peel A. J. Viral co-infection in bats: a systematic review. Viruses. 2023; 15 (9):1860. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15091860</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones B. D., Kaufman E. J., Peel A. J. Viral co-infection in bats: a systematic review. Viruses. 2023; 15 (9):1860. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15091860</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takemae N., Kuba Y., Oba K., Kageyama T. Direct genome sequencing of respiratory viruses from low viral load clinical specimens using the target capture sequencing technology. Microbiology Spectrum. 2024; 12 (11):e0098624. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.00986-24</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takemae N., Kuba Y., Oba K., Kageyama T. Direct genome sequencing of respiratory viruses from low viral load clinical specimens using the target capture sequencing technology. Microbiology Spectrum. 2024; 12 (11):e0098624. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.00986-24</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cerro-Monje A., Buenestado-Serrano S., Palomino-Cabrera R., Molero-Salinas A., Herranz M., Alonso R., et al. A solution to achieve sequencing from SARS-CoV-2 specimens with low viral loads: concatenation of reads from independent reactions. Virology Journal. 2024; 21 (1):121. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-024-02347-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cerro-Monje A., Buenestado-Serrano S., Palomino-Cabrera R., Molero-Salinas A., Herranz M., Alonso R., et al. A solution to achieve sequencing from SARS-CoV-2 specimens with low viral loads: concatenation of reads from independent reactions. Virology Journal. 2024; 21 (1):121. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-024-02347-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marcolungo L., Beltrami C., Degli Esposti C., Lopatriello G., Piubelli C., Mori A., et al. ACoRE: accurate SARS-CoV-2 genome reconstruction for the characterization of intra-host and inter-host viral diversity in clinical samples and for the evaluation of re-infections. Genomics. 2021; 113 (4): 1628–1638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.04.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marcolungo L., Beltrami C., Degli Esposti C., Lopatriello G., Piubelli C., Mori A., et al. ACoRE: accurate SARS-CoV-2 genome reconstruction for the characterization of intra-host and inter-host viral diversity in clinical samples and for the evaluation of re-infections. Genomics. 2021; 113 (4): 1628–1638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.04.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
