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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">veterinary</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ветеринария сегодня</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Veterinary Science Today</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2304-196X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6959</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"Veinard"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29326/2304-196X-2026-15-3-280-289</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">veterinary-1041</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ | ВЕТЕРИНАРНАЯ МИКРОБИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES | VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Разработка ПЦР-тест-систем для оценки распространенности генов антибиотикорезистентности у клостридий</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Development of PCR test systems for assessment of antibiotic resistance gene prevalence in Clostridium spp.</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2793-5001</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Безбородова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bezborodova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Безбородова Наталья Александровна, канд. вет. наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела геномных исследований и селекции животных</p><p>ул. Белинского, 112а, г. Екатеринбург, 620142</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia A. Bezborodova, Cand. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Senior Researcher, Department of Animal Genomics and Selection, Ural Federal Agrarian Scientific Research Center</p><p>ul. Belinskogo, 112а, Ekaterinburg 620142</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">n-bezborodova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3538-8749</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глотова</surname><given-names>Т. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Glotova</surname><given-names>T. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Глотова Татьяна Ивановна, д-р биол. наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник лаборатории биотехнологии – диагностического центра</p><p> р. п. Краснообск, 630501, Новосибирская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana I. Glotova, Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor, Chief Researcher,  Laboratory of Biotechnology – Diagnostic Center, Siberian  Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies</p><p> Krasnoobsk 630501, Novosibirsk Oblast</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">t-glotova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1169-4090</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколова</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolova</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Соколова Ольга Васильевна, д-р вет. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела геномных исследований и селекции животных, руководитель Уральского научно-исследовательского ветеринарного института – структурного подразделения</p><p>ул. Белинского, 112а, г. Екатеринбург, 620142</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga V. Sokolova, Dr. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Leading  Researcher, Department of Animal Genomics and Selection, Head of Ural Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, Ural Federal Agrarian Scientific Research Center</p><p>ul. Belinskogo, 112а, Ekaterinburg 620142</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nauka_sokolova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0025-3545</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шкуратова</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shkuratova</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шкуратова Ирина Алексеевна, д-р вет. наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, главный научный сотрудник отдела экологии и незаразной патологии животных</p><p>ул. Белинского, 112а, г. Екатеринбург, 620142</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina A. Shkuratova, Dr. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chief Researcher, Department of Ecology and Animals’ Noncontagious Pathology</p><p>ul. Belinskogo, 112а, Ekaterinburg 620142</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shkuratova@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0284-0276</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зубарева</surname><given-names>В. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zubareva</surname><given-names>V. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зубарева Владлена Дмитриевна, младший научный сотрудник отдела геномных исследований и селекции животных</p><p>ул. Белинского, 112а, г. Екатеринбург, 620142</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladlena D. Zubareva, Junior Researcher, Department of Animal Genomics and Selection, Ural Federal Agrarian Scientific Research Center</p><p>ul. Belinskogo, 112а, Ekaterinburg 620142</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zzub97@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9251-0056</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мартынов</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Martynov</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мартынов Николай Александрович, лаборант отдела геномных исследований и селекции животных</p><p>ул. Белинского, 112а, г. Екатеринбург, 620142</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolai A. Martynov, Laboratory Assistant, Department of Animal Genomics and Selection, Ural Federal Agrarian Scientific Research Center</p><p>ul. Belinskogo, 112а, Ekaterinburg 620142</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">martynov_kolya98@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4980-0481</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романов</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanov</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Романов Егор Владимирович, младший научный сотрудник отдела ветеринарно-лабораторной диагностики с испытательной лабораторией</p><p>ул. Белинского, 112а, г. Екатеринбург, 620142</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Egor V. Romanov, Junior Researcher, Department of Veterinary and Laboratory Diagnosis and Testing Laboratory, Ural Federal Agrarian Scientific Research Center</p><p>ul. Belinskogo, 112а, Ekaterinburg 620142</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">romanov.egor.2303@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2006-0196</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глотов</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Glotov</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Глотов Александр Гаврилович, д-р вет. наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, руководитель ИЭВСиДВ</p><p> р. п. Краснообск, 630501, Новосибирская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander G. Glotov, Dr. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Professor, Corresponding Member of the RAS, Head of the Institute of Experimental Veterinary Science of Siberia and the Far East</p><p> Krasnoobsk 630501, Novosibirsk Oblast</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">glotov_vet@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Уральский федеральный аграрный научно-исследовательский центр Уральского отделения Российской академии наук» (ФГБНУ УрФАНИЦ УрО РАН)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural Federal Agrarian Scientific Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН «Сибирский федеральный научный центр агробиотехнологий Российской академии наук», Институт экспериментальной ветеринарии Сибири и Дальнего Востока (ИЭВСиДВ СФНЦА РАН)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Veterinary Science of Siberia and the Far East</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>280</fpage><lpage>289</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Безбородова Н.А., Глотова Т.И., Соколова О.В., Шкуратова И.А., Зубарева В.Д., Мартынов Н.А., Романов Е.В., Глотов А.Г., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Безбородова Н.А., Глотова Т.И., Соколова О.В., Шкуратова И.А., Зубарева В.Д., Мартынов Н.А., Романов Е.В., Глотов А.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bezborodova N.A., Glotova T.I., Sokolova O.V., Shkuratova I.A., Zubareva V.D., Martynov N.A., Romanov E.V., Glotov A.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/1041">https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/1041</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Актуальность данной работы обусловлена ростом антибиотикорезистентности у патогенных клостридий в агропромышленном комплексе Уральского федерального округа, что приводит к снижению эффективности терапии, увеличению экономических потерь от инфекционных заболеваний и создает угрозу межвидового переноса генов резистентности, подчеркивая необходимость разработки современных инструментов для молекулярного мониторинга в рамках реализации национальных стратегий по сдерживанию устойчивости к противомикробным препаратам.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Разработка и апробация ПЦР-тест-систем для детекции генов антибиотикорезистентности (tetM/B, ermB/Q, bcrA/B/D/R) у Clostridium perfringens и Clostridium difficile.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследовали 472 пробы биологического материала (фекалии и раневое отделяемое от животных, корма, объекты окружающей среды), отобранные в 2023–2024 гг. на 32 молочно-товарных предприятях региона. Видовую принадлежность выделенных изолятов подтверждали методом MALDI-ToF-масс-спектрометрии, а фенотипическую устойчивость к антибиотикам определяли диско-диффузионным методом в соответствии со стандартами EUCAST. С помощью ПЦР был сформирован банк ДНК, выделенной из поступивших проб биологического материала и изолятов клостридий, коллекционных штаммов различных видов спорообразующих анаэробов.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В результате была создана и валидирована эффективная ПЦР-панель для детекции генов антимикробной резистентности у клостридий. Скрининг 123 проб, содержащих ДНК целевых патогенов, позволил выявить распространение генов антимикробной резистентности: доминирующим у Clostridium difficile являлся ген ermB (95,1%), у Clostridium perfringens – гены ermB (90,0%) и ermQ (67,1%). Ген tetМ обнаруживали в 52,4 и 60,0% проб соответственно, гены bcrA/B/D/R – у 27,1–39,8% изолятов. Фенотипические исследования показали формирование у клостридий множественной лекарственной устойчивости.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Разработанная тест-система стала надежным инструментом для молекулярного мониторинга антимикробной резистентности, полученные данные свидетельствуют о массовой циркуляции клостридий с генетическим потенциалом резистентности к клинически значимым антибиотикам.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The rising prevalence of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic clostridia in the agro-industrial sector of the Ural Federal District highlights the need for this study. Emerging resistant strains compromise therapeutic outcomes, exacerbate economic losses attributable to infectious diseases, and pose a tangible threat of interspecies antimicrobial resistance gene transfer. These factors collectively necessitate the development of state-of-the-art molecular surveillance tools as a part of national antimicrobial resistance mitigation strategies.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. The study was aimed at the development and testing of the PCR test systems for detection of antibiotic resistance genes (tetM/B, ermB/Q, bcrA/B/D/R) in Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. During the study 472 biological samples (animal feces, wound discharge, feed, environmental objects) collected on 32 dairy holdings located in the region in 2023–2024 were tested. The recovered isolates’ species identity was confirmed by MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry, and the phenotypic antibiotic resistance was determined by disc diffusion method in accordance with EUCAST standards. Bank of DNAs extracted with PCR from submitted biological samples and Clostridium isolates, strains of various species of spore-forming anaerobes kept at the Microorganism Strain Collection was created.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Effective PCR test-kit for the detection of antibiotic resistance genes in Clostridia spp. was successfully developed and validated. Screening of 123 samples containing DNA of the target pathogens revealed a high prevalence of resistance genes: ermB gene (95.1%) was most common in Clostridium difficile, ermB (90.0%) and ermQ (67.1%) genes were predominant in Clostridium perfringens. The tetМ gene was detected in 52.4 and 60.0% of samples, respectively, while the bcrA/B/D/R genes were detected in 27.1–39.8% of isolates. Phenotypic studies confirmed the emergence of multidrug resistance in Clostridia spp.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The developed test kit has proven to be a reliable and robust tool for molecular antimicrobial resistance surveillance. The data obtained indicate a widespread circulation of Clostridium spp. harboring genetic determinants for resistance to clinically significant antibiotics.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Clostridium perfringens</kwd><kwd>Clostridium difficile</kwd><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd><kwd>гены резистентности</kwd><kwd>ПЦР-диагностика</kwd><kwd>тест-системы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Clostridium perfringens</kwd><kwd>Clostridium difficile</kwd><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd><kwd>resistance genes</kwd><kwd>PCR diagnosis</kwd><kwd>test-kits</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках проекта Российского научного фонда № 23-26-00053 «Разработка тест-систем для молекулярно-генетической диагностики клостридий с идентификацией токсинотипов и генов антибиотикорезистентности» в отделе геномных исследований и селекции животных на базе Уральского научно-исследовательского ветеринарного института – структурного подразделения ФГБНУ УрФАНИЦ УрО РАН.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out within the framework of the Russian Science Foundation Project No. 23-26-00053 “Development of test systems  for the molecular genetic diagnosis of Clostridium spp. with the identification of toxin types and antibiotic resistance genes” at the Department of Genomic Research and Animal Breeding on the premises of the Ural Veterinary Research Institute, a structural unit of the Ural Federal Agrarian Scientific Research Center, Ural Branch  of the Russian Academy of Sciences.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Судоргина Т. 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