veterinaryВетеринария сегодняVeterinary Science Today2304-196X2658-6959"Veinard"10.29326/2304-196X-2026-15-3-273-279veterinary-1040Research ArticleОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ | БОЛЕЗНИ МЕЛКИХ ДОМАШНИХ ЖИВОТНЫХORIGINAL ARTICLES | DISEASES OF SMALL PETSЦитокиновый профиль и баланс Th1/Th2-ответа в механизмах развития аутоиммунной патологии у собак с дирофиляриозомCytokine profile and Th1/Th2 balance in the mechanisms of autoimmune pathology development in dogs with dirofilariasishttps://orcid.org/0009-0002-7529-9118ПивовароваИ. О.PivovarovaI. O.

Пивоварова Ирина Олеговна, аспирант Института ветеринарии, ветеринарно-санитарной экспертизы и агробезопасности

 Волоколамское шоссе, 11, г. Москва, 125080

Irina O. Pivovarova, Postgraduate Student, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Sanitary Expertise and Agricultural Safety

 Volokolamskoe shosse, 11, Moscow 125080

irapivovarova66@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7119-906XГламаздинИ. Г.GlamazdinI. G.

Гламаздин Игорь Геннадьевич, д-р вет. наук, профессор, директор Института ветеринарии, ветеринарно-санитарной экспертизы и агробезопасности

 Волоколамское шоссе, 11, г. Москва, 125080

Igor G. Glamazdin, Dr. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Professor, Director of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Sanitary Expertise and Agricultural Safety

 Volokolamskoe shosse, 11, Moscow 125080

glamazdin@mgupp.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6434-3497РуденкоА. А.RudenkoA. A.

Руденко Андрей Анатольевич, д-р вет. наук, профессор кафедры ветеринарной медицины Института ветеринарии, ветеринарно-санитарной экспертизы и агробезопасности

 Волоколамское шоссе, 11, г. Москва, 125080

Andrey A. Rudenko, Dr. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Professor of the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Sanitary Expertise and Agricultural 

 Volokolamskoe shosse, 11, Moscow 125080Safety

rudenkoaa@mgupp.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0003-4668-2545ЛуцайВ. И.LutsayV. I.

Луцай Владимир Иванович, д-р вет. наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой ветеринарной медицины Института ветеринарии, ветеринарно-санитарной экспертизы и агробезопасности

 Волоколамское шоссе, 11, г. Москва, 125080

Vladimir I. Lutsay, Dr. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Sanitary Expertise and Agricultural Safety

 Volokolamskoe shosse, 11, Moscow 125080

lucajjvi@mgupp.ruФГБОУ ВО «Российский биотехнологический университет (РОСБИОТЕХ)»РоссияRussian Biotechnological UniversityRussian Federation202623092026153273279Copyright © Пивоварова И.О., Гламаздин И.Г., Руденко А.А., Луцай В.И., 20262026Пивоварова И.О., Гламаздин И.Г., Руденко А.А., Луцай В.И.Pivovarova I.O., Glamazdin I.G., Rudenko A.A., Lutsay V.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/1040Введение

Введение. Дирофиляриоз собак – широко распространенный трансмиссивный гельминтоз, при котором иммунный ответ на паразита и его эндосимбионта Wolbachia играет ключевую роль в патогенезе, однако механизмы формирования аутоиммунных осложнений изучены недостаточно.

Цель исследования

Цель исследования. Изучить цитокиновый профиль, баланс Th1/Th2-ответа и их взаимосвязь с эозинофилией, гиперпродукцией IgE и образованием циркулирующих иммунных комплексов (ЦИК) у собак с разной тяжестью дирофиляриоза.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. В исследование включено 113 собак: 26 клинически здоровых (контроль) и 87 больных дирофиляриозом, разделенных на четыре группы по степени тяжести (I–IV). Концентрации ФНО-α, ИЛ-1α, ИЛ-4, ИЛ-6, ИЛ-8, ИНФ-γ и общего IgE определяли методом иммуноферментного анализа. Подсчет эозинофилов проводили в рамках клинического анализа крови. Статистическую обработку выполняли с использованием критериев Краскела – Уоллиса и Манна – Уитни.

Результаты

Результаты. У больных собак выявлен выраженный цитокиновый шторм: уровень ИЛ-4 в группе IV превышал контроль в 4,7 раза (p < 0,001), ИЛ-6 – в 4,3 раза, ИЛ-8 – в 7,5 раза, ФНО-α – в 3,3 раза. Соотношение ИЛ-4/ИНФ-γ возрастало с 3,01 в контроле до 3,17–3,58 в группах III–IV, указывая на доминиро вание Th2-ответа. Относительное содержание эозинофилов повышалось в группах I–II [до (5,54–6,04)%, p < 0,01] и снижалось в группе IV [до (2,44 ± 0,54)%, p < 0,05]. Уровень общего IgE прогрессивно нарастал от (15,20 ± 1,80) Ед/мл в контроле до (92,50 ± 10,60) Ед/мл в группе IV. Общие ЦИК в группе IV достигали (57,31 ± 2,05) Ед/мл [контроль: (28,60 ± 0,87) Ед/мл, p < 0,001]. Корреляционный анализ показал положительную связь ИЛ-4 с IgE (r = 0,78, p < 0,01) и общими ЦИК (r = 0,71, p < 0,01).

Заключение

Заключение. Доминирование Th2-ответа в сочетании с цитокиновым штормом инициирует каскад реакций, включающий гиперпродукцию IgE и эозинофилию, и способствует массивному образованию иммунных комплексов, что создает патогенетическую основу для развития аутоиммунной патологии при дирофиляриозе собак.

Introduction

Introduction. Canine dirofilariasis is a widespread vector-borne helminthiasis in which the immune response to the parasite and its endosymbiont Wolbachia plays a key role in pathogenesis; however, the mechanisms underlying the development of autoimmune complications remain insufficiently studied.

Objective

Objective. To investigate the cytokine profile, Th1/Th2 balance, and their relationship with eosinophilia, hyperproduction of IgE, and the formation of circulating immune complexes (CICs) in dogs with varying severity of dirofilariasis.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods. The study included 113 dogs: 26 clinically healthy animals (control group) and 87 dogs diagnosed with dirofilariasis, divided into four groups (I–IV) according to disease severity. Concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, and total IgE were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Eosinophil counts were performed as part of the complete blood count. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Kruskal – Wallis and Mann – Whitney U tests.

Results

Results. In diseased dogs, a pronounced cytokine storm was observed: IL-4 levels in group IV exceeded the control by 4.7-fold (p < 0.001), IL-6 by 4.3-fold, IL-8 by 7.5-fold, and TNF-α by 3.3-fold. The IL-4/IFN-γ ratio increased from 3.01 in the control group to 3.17–3.58 in groups III–IV, indicating a predominant Th2-type immune response. The relative eosinophil count increased in groups I–II [up to (5.54–6.04)%, p < 0.01] and decreased in groups IV [up to (2.44 ± 0.54)%, p < 0.05]. Total IgE levels progressively rose from (15.20 ± 1.80) U/mL in the control group to (92.50 ± 10.60) U/mL in group IV. Total CICs in group IV reached (57.31 ± 2.05) U/mL [control: (28.60 ± 0.87) U/mL, p < 0.001].  Correlation analysis revealed a positive association between IL-4 and IgE (r = 0.78, p < 0.01) as well as between IL-4 and total CICs (r = 0.71, p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Conclusion. The predominance of the Th2-type immune response, combined with a cytokine storm, triggers a cascade of reactions, including IgE hyperproduction and eosinophilia, and promotes massive formation of immune complexes. This creates a pathogenetic basis for the development of autoimmune pathology in canine dirofilariasis.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.