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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">veterinary</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ветеринария сегодня</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Veterinary Science Today</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2304-196X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6959</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"Veinard"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29326/2304-196X-2026-15-3-262-272</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">veterinary-1039</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ | БЕШЕНСТВО ЖИВОТНЫХ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES | ANIMAL RABIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Разработка тест-системы для выявления генома вируса бешенства на основе ПЦР в режиме реального  времени с использованием эндогенного контроля: теоретический дизайн и оптимизация</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Development of a test system for detection of the rabies virus genome using real-time PCR with an endogenous control: Theoretical design and optimization</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2114-5589</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чупин</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chupin</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чупин Сергей Александрович, канд. биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник референтной лаборатории по бешенству и BSE</p><p>ул. Гвардейская, 6, мкр. Юрьевец, г. Владимир, 600901</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergei A. Chupin, Cand. Sci. (Biology), Leading Researcher, Reference Laboratory for Rabies and BSE</p><p>6, Yur’evets, Vladimir 600901</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">chupin@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4054-8532</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чернышова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernyshova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чернышова Елена Владимировна, канд. вет. наук, заведующий референтной лабораторией по бешенству и BSE</p><p>ул. Гвардейская, 6, мкр. Юрьевец, г. Владимир, 600901</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena V. Chernyshova, Cand. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Head of Reference Laboratory for Rabies and BSE</p><p>6, Yur’evets, Vladimir 600901</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">chernishova@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4992-6695</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чуфарова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chufarova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чуфарова Екатерина Александровна, канд. вет. наук, младший научный сотрудник референтной лаборатории по бешенству и BSE</p><p>ул. Гвардейская, 6, мкр. Юрьевец, г. Владимир, 600901</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina A. Chufarova, Cand. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Junior Researcher, Reference Laboratory for Rabies and BSE</p><p>6, Yur’evets, Vladimir 600901</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">chufarova@arriah.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Федеральный центр охраны здоровья животных» (ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ»)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Centre for Animal Health, ul. Gvardeyskaya</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>262</fpage><lpage>272</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Чупин С.А., Чернышова Е.В., Чуфарова Е.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чупин С.А., Чернышова Е.В., Чуфарова Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chupin S.A., Chernyshova E.V., Chufarova E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/1039">https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/1039</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Бешенство в России, несмотря на снизившуюся в последние десять лет инцидентность, остается крайне актуальным заболеванием. Полимеразная цепная реакция (ПЦР) в разных вариантах является одним из методов обнаружения и характеристики вируса бешенства в патологическом материале. Для обеспечения надежной диагностики при разработке ПЦР должны быть учтены актуальные данные по генетическим особенностям изолятов, циркулирующих на определенной территории.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Выполнение теоретического дизайна и оптимизация тест-системы на основе совмещенной обратной транскрипции – полимеразной цепной реакции (С-ОТ-ПЦР) для выявления фрагмента генома вируса бешенства с использованием эндогенного внутреннего контроля.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В работе использованы вакцинный штамм вируса бешенства «РВ-97» и лабораторный фиксированный штамм вируса бешен ства «CVS», образцы головного мозга животных разных видов, положительные и отрицательные на вирус бешенства. Дизайн олигонуклеотидов и проверку специфичности in silico осуществляли с помощью онлайн-сервиса Primer Blast. Для проведения С-ОТ-ПЦР использованы реактивы НПК «Синтол» (Россия).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В результате анализа 193 последовательностей гена N изолятов вируса бешенства, циркулирующих на территории России и сопредельных государств, был разработан дизайн шести праймеров и двух TaqMan-зондов. Экспериментальным путем из них были выявлены лучшие два праймера и зонд для создания тест-системы. В ходе серии экспериментов были оптимизированы такие параметры С-ОТ-ПЦР, как концентрация олигонуклеотидов, концентрация ионов магния и температура отжига. Для проведения контроля условий реакции в каждой пробирке была разработана система олигонуклеотидов для амплификации и детекции участка гена бета-актина млекопитающих. Экспериментально продемонстрирована возможность одновременного применения двух систем ПЦР в одной пробирке. Анализ 193 последовательностей гена N различных изолятов вируса бешенства показал, что разработанные олигонуклеотиды теоретически могут обеспечивать выявление подавляющего большинства вирусов, циркулирующих на территории Российской Федерации и сопредельных государств.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Разработаны и оптимизированы основные компоненты и условия реакции тест-системы для выявления генома вируса бешенства методом С-ОТ-ПЦР с использованием эндогенного внутреннего контроля на основе гена бета-актина млекопитающих.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Although rabies incidence in Russia has decreased over the past ten years, it still remains a highly relevant disease. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in its various modifications is one of the tools for detecting and characterizing rabies virus in pathological samples. To ensure reliable diagnosis, the current data on genetic properties of the isolates circulating in particular area should be considered when developing PCR.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. Providing a theoretical foundation and optimizing the test system based on combined reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (C-RT-PCR) for the detection of a rabies virus genome fragment using endogenous internal control.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Rabies virus vaccine strain “RV-97” and laboratory fixed rabies virus strain “CVS”, brain samples from animals of various species, both rabies virus positive and negative, were used in the work. Oligonucleotide design and in silico specificity testing were performed using Primer Blast online tool. Syntol reagents (Russia) were used for C-RT-PCR.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. As a result of the analysis of 193 N-gene sequences of rabies virus isolates circulating in Russia and neighboring countries, six primers and two TaqMan probes were designed. Two primers and a probe, optimal for the development of the test system, were experimentally identified. During a series of experiments, C-RT-PCR parameters such as oligonucleotide and magnesium ion concentrations, as well as annealing temperature were optimized. To control the reaction conditions in each tube, an oligonucleotide system was developed for the amplification and detection of the mammalian beta-actin gene region. The possibility of simultaneous application of two PCR systems in one test tube has been experimentally demonstrated. Analysis of 193 N-gene sequences of various rabies virus isolates showed that the developed oligonucleotides can theoretically ensure detection of the vast majority of the viruses circulating in the Russian Federation and neighboring countries.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The main components and reaction conditions of the test system for detecting the rabies virus genome by C-RT-PCR using mammalian beta-actin gene-based endogenous internal control have been developed and optimized.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус бешенства</kwd><kwd>тест-система</kwd><kwd>ПЦР в режиме реального времени</kwd><kwd>одношаговая ОТ-ПЦР</kwd><kwd>совмещенная ОТ-ПЦР</kwd><kwd>эндогенный внутренний  контроль</kwd><kwd>бета-актин</kwd><kwd>молекулярная диагностика бешенства</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rabies virus</kwd><kwd>test system</kwd><kwd>real-time PCR</kwd><kwd>combined RT-PCR</kwd><kwd>one-step RT-PCR</kwd><kwd>endogenous internal control</kwd><kwd>beta-actin</kwd><kwd>rabies molecular diagnosis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена за счет средств ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ» в рамках тематики научно-исследовательских работ «Ветеринарное благополучие».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was performed at the expense of the Federal Centre for Animal Health in the framework of scientific research on the topic “Animal  Health Freedom”.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гулюкин А. 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