veterinaryВетеринария сегодняVeterinary Science Today2304-196X2658-6959"Veinard"10.29326/2304-196X-2026-15-2-123-130veterinary-1011Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ | БОЛЕЗНИ ПТИЦREVIEWS | AVIAN DISEASESСовершенствование иммунопрофилактики: потенциал и ограничения биотехнологических решений в борьбе с ньюкаслской болезньюImproving immunoprophylaxis: potential and limitations of biotechnological solutions in Newcastle disease controlhttps://orcid.org/0009-0009-5673-1535БайрашевТ. А.BairashevT. A.

Байрашев Тимур Альбертович, аспирант, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории вирусных антропозоонозов

Научный городок-2, г. Казань, 420075, Республика Татарстан

Timur A. Bairashev, Postgraduate Student, Junior Researcher, Laboratory for Viral Anthropozoonoses

Nauchnyi gorodok-2, Kazan 420075, Republic of Tatarstan

timurkin2011timur@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2650-6459ГалееваА. Г.GaleevaA. G.

Галеева Антонина Глебовна, канд. вет. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории вирусных антропозоонозов

Научный городок-2, г. Казань, 420075, Республика Татарстан

ул. Сибирский тракт, 35, г. Казань, 420029, Республика Татарстан

Antonina G. Galeeva, Cand. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Leading Researcher, Laboratory for Viral Anthropozoonoses

Nauchnyi gorodok-2, Kazan 420075, Republic of Tatarstan

ul. Sibirskii Tract 35, Kazan 420029, Republic of Tatarstan

antonina-95@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8786-1310ЕфимоваМ. А.EfimovaM. A.

Ефимова Марина Анатольевна, д-р биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории вирусных антропозоонозов

Научный городок-2, г. Казань, 420075, Республика Татарстан

ул. Сибирский тракт, 35, г. Казань, 420029, Республика Татарстан

Marina A. Efimova, Dr. Sci. (Biology), Leading Researcher, Laboratory for Viral Anthropozoonoses

Nauchnyi gorodok-2, Kazan 420075, Republic of Tatarstan

ul. Sibirskii Tract 35, Kazan 420029, Republic of Tatarstan

marina-2004r@mail.ruФГБНУ «Федеральный центр токсикологической, радиационной и биологической безопасности» (ФГБНУ «ФЦТРБ-ВНИВИ»)РоссияFederal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological SafetyRussian FederationФГБНУ «Федеральный центр токсикологической, радиационной и биологической безопасности» (ФГБНУ «ФЦТРБ-ВНИВИ»); ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный аграрный университет», Институт «Казанская академия ветеринарной медицины им. Н. Э. Баумана»РоссияFederal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety; Kazan State Agrarian University, Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N. E. BaumanRussian Federation202621062026152123130Copyright © Байрашев Т.А., Галеева А.Г., Ефимова М.А., 20262026Байрашев Т.А., Галеева А.Г., Ефимова М.А.Bairashev T.A., Galeeva A.G., Efimova M.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/view/1011Введение

Введение. Ньюкаслская болезнь продолжает наносить значительный экономический ущерб мировому птицеводству, что диктует необходимость пересмотра традиционных стратегий вакцинации. Классические живые вакцины, несмотря на широкое применение, обладают рядом ограничений, включая интерференцию с материнскими антителами и неспособность полностью предотвратить выделение полевого вируса из-за несоответствия современным генотипам. Настоящая работа представляет собой аналитический обзор современного ландшафта генно-инженерных вакцин против ньюкаслской болезни. Систематизированы данные о ключевых технологических платформах: рекомбинантных векторных вакцинах, препаратах, созданных методами обратной генетики, а также субъединичных, VLP- и ДНК-вакцинах. Проведен сравнительный анализ иммуногенности, безопасности и удобства применения данных платформ; особое внимание уделено возможностям реализации стратегии DIVA. Показано, что, хотя векторные вакцины стали отраслевым стандартом, технологии обратной генетики обладают уникальным потенциалом для контроля вирусной изменчивости и снижения циркуляции вируса в стаде. В заключении обосновывается необходимость интеграции различных технологических подходов для создания эффективных программ элиминации заболевания.

Цель исследования

Цель исследования. Формирование объективной картины текущего состояния проблемы вакцинопрофилактики, что необходимо для определения дальнейших путей совершенствования стратегий биозащиты в промышленном птицеводстве.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. Аналитическое исследование проводилось на базе отечественных и зарубежных научных публикаций, посвященных иммунопрофилактике ньюкаслской болезни.

Результаты

Результаты. Проведен анализ и обзор существующих вакцин против вируса ньюкаслской болезни, описаны их иммуногенность, способность преодолевать материнские антитела, совместимость со стратегией DIVA, контроль вирусовыделения, безопасность и технологичность применения, приведена историческая ремарка. Обоснована необходимость перехода от традиционных вакцин к генно-инженерным профилактическим препаратам.

Заключение

Заключение. Разработка и внедрение субъединичных и нуклеиновых вакцин являются важнейшими технологическими этапами в области иммунопрофилактики ньюкаслской болезни, которые позволят на практике применить стратегию элиминации вируса в стаде птиц.

Introduction

Introduction. Newcastle disease continues to inflict significant economic damage on the global poultry industry, dictating the need to revise traditional vaccina tion strategies. Classical live vaccines, despite their widespread use, have a number of limitations, including interference with maternal antibodies and inability to completely prevent the field virus shedding due mismatch with current genotypes. This paper constitutes an analytical review of the current landscape of genetically engineered vaccines against Newcastle disease. It systematizes the data on key technological platforms: recombinant vector vaccines, reverse genetics-based prod ucts, as well as subunit, VLP-, and DNA-vaccines. A comparative analysis of the immunogenicity, safety, and ease of use of these platforms is conducted; particular attention is paid to the possibilities of implementing the DIVA strategy. It is demonstrated that, although vector vaccines have become the industry standard, reverse genetics technologies offer unique potential for controlling viral variability and reducing virus circulation in flocks. The conclusion substantiates the need to integrate various technological approaches to create effective disease eradication programs.

Objective

Objective. Formation of an objective picture of the current state of the problem, which is necessary for determining further avenues for improving biosecurity strategies in commercial poultry farming.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods. The analytical study was conducted on the basis of domestic and foreign scientific publications on Newcastle disease immunoprophylaxis

Results

Results. The existing vaccines against Newcastle disease virus have been analyzed and reviewed. Their immunogenicity, ability to overcome maternal antibodies, compatibility with the DIVA strategy, virus shedding control, safety and ease of use have been described. Historical background is also provided. The necessity of transitioning from traditional vaccines to genetically engineered prophylactic products is substantiated.

Conclusion

Conclusion. The development and implementation of subunit and nucleic acid vaccines are the most important evolutionary steps in the field of Newcastle disease immunoprophylaxis, thus enabling the implementation of the virus eradication strategy in poultry flocks.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.